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陰謀論

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^ Barkun 2003: "The essence of conspiracy beliefs lies in attempts to delineate and explain evil. At their broadest, conspiracy theories 'view history as controlled by massive, demonic forces.' ... For our purposes, a conspiracy belief is the belief that an organization made up of individuals or groups was or is acting covertly to achieve a malevolent end.[18]

出典 ^ Goertzel, T (December 1994). “Belief in conspiracy theories”. Political Psychology 15 (4): 731?742. doi:10.2307/3791630. JSTOR 3791630. "explanations for important events that involve secret plots by powerful and malevolent groups"
^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}"conspiracy theory". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (要購読、またはイギリス公立図書館への会員加入。) "the theory that an event or phenomenon occurs as a result of a conspiracy between interested parties; spec. a belief that some covert but influential agency (typically political in motivation and oppressive in intent) is responsible for an unexplained event"
^

Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C. (2014). “Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy”. Applied Cognitive Psychology 28 (2): 238?248. doi:10.1002/acp.2995. ISSN 0888-4080. "A conspiracy theory can be defined as an unverified and relatively implausible allegation of conspiracy, claiming that significant events are the result of a secret plot carried out by a preternaturally sinister and powerful group of people."

Jonason, Peter Karl; March, Evita; Springer, Jordan (2019). “Belief in conspiracy theories: The predictive role of schizotypy, Machiavellianism, and primary psychopathy”. PLOS ONE 14 (12): e0225964. Bibcode: 2019PLoSO..1425964M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225964. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6890261. PMID 31794581. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6890261/. "Conspiracy theories are a subset of false beliefs, and generally implicate a malevolent force (e.g., a government body or secret society) involved in orchestrating major events or providing misinformation regarding the details of events to an unwitting public, in part of a plot towards achieving a sinister goal."

^ a b Byford, Jovan (2011). Conspiracy theories : a critical introduction. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230349216. OCLC 802867724
^

Thresher-Andrews, Christopher (2013). ⇒“An introduction into the world of conspiracy”. PsyPAG Quarterly 88: 5?8. ⇒http://www.psypag.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Issue-88.pdf. "Conspiracy theories are unsubstantiated, less plausible alternatives to the mainstream explanation of the event; they assume everything is intended, with malignity. Crucially, they are also epistemically self-insulating in their construction and arguments."

^ a b c d Andrade, Gabriel (April 2020). “Medical conspiracy theories: Cognitive science and implications for ethics”. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy (Springer on behalf of the European Society for Philosophy of Medicine and Healthcare) 23 (3): 505?518. doi:10.1007/s11019-020-09951-6. ISSN 1572-8633. PMC 7161434. PMID 32301040. オリジナルの8 May 2020時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20200508193924/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11019-020-09951-6.pdf 2021年10月7日閲覧。.
^ a b c d e Barkun, Michael (2016). “Conspiracy Theories as Stigmatized Knowledge”. Diogenes: 039219211666928. doi:10.1177/0392192116669288.
^ a b Brotherton, Robert (2013). ⇒“Towards a definition of ‘conspiracy theory’”. PsyPAG Quarterly 88: 9?14. ⇒http://www.psypag.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Issue-88.pdf. "A conspiracy theory is not merely one candidate explanation among other equally plausible alternatives. Rather, the label refers to a claim which runs counter to a more plausible and widely accepted account...[Conspiratorial beliefs are] invariably at odds with the mainstream consensus among scientists, historians, or other legitimate judges of the claim’s veracity."
^ a b c d e f g h i j Brotherton, Robert (2013). ⇒“Towards a definition of ‘conspiracy theory’”. PsyPAG Quarterly 88: 9?14. ⇒http://www.psypag.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Issue-88.pdf.
^ Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0), Oxford University Press, 2009, s.v. 4
^ Johnson, Allen (July 1909). “Reviewed Work: The Repeal of the Missouri Compromise: Its Origin and Authorship by P. Orman Ray”. The American Historical Review 14 (4): 835?836. doi:10.2307/1837085. hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t27948c87. JSTOR 1837085. "The claim that [David R.] Atchison was the originator of the [Missouri Compromise] repeal may be termed a recrudescence of the conspiracy theory first asserted by Colonel John A. Parker of Virginia in 1880."
^ Robertson, Lockhart; Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane (London, England); Medico-psychological Association of Great Britain and Ireland; Royal Medico-psychological Association (April 1870). Maudsley, Henry; Sibbald, John. eds. “The Report of a Quarterly Meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association, held in London at the Royal Medico-Chirurgical Society, by permission of the President and Council, on the 27th January, 1870. [in Part IV. Psychological News.”]. The Journal of Mental Science (London: Longman, Green, Longman, & Roberts) XVI (73). ISSN 0368-315X. OCLC 4642826321. https://books.google.com/books?id=VsRMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141. "The theory of Dr. Sankey as to the manner in which these injuries to the chest occurred in asylums deserved our careful attention. It was at least more plausible that the conspiracy theory of Mr. Charles Reade, and the precautionary measure suggested by Dr. Sankey of using a padded waistcoat in recent cases of mania with general paralysis?in which mental condition nearly all these cases under discussion were?seemed to him of practical value."
^ “Nope, It Was Always Already Wrong”. The Skeptical Inquirer. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (2013年8月8日). 2015年12月12日時点の ⇒オリジナルよりアーカイブ。2015年12月11日閲覧。
^ McKenzie-McHarg, Andrew (2019) "Conspiracy Theory: The Nineteenth-Century Prehistory of a Twentieth-Century Concept," pp. 78, 76. In Joseph E. Uscinski (ed) Conspiracy Theories & the People Who Believe Them. New York: Oxford University Press.
^ deHaven-Smith, Lance (15 April 2013). Conspiracy Theory in America. pp. 3. ISBN 9780292743793. オリジナルの6 September 2016時点におけるアーカイブ。

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