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^ Davies, Neil S.; Garwood, Russell J.; McMahon, William J.; Schneider, Joerg W.; Shillito, Anthony P. (2021-12-20). “The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)”. Journal of the Geological Society 179 (3): jgs2021?115. doi:10.1144/jgs2021-115. ISSN 0016-7649. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2021-115. 
^ a b Ewer, John (2005-10-11). “How the Ecdysozoan Changed Its Coat” (英語). PLOS Biology 3 (10): e349. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030349. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 1250302. PMID 16207077. https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030349. 
^ a b c d e f g h Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2013). Minelli, Alessandro; Boxshall, Geoffrey; Fusco, Giuseppe. eds (英語). Arthropod Biology and Evolution: Molecules, Development, Morphology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 197?221. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36160-9_9. ISBN 978-3-642-36160-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36160-9_9 
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Javier Ortega-Hernandez, Ralf Janssen, Graham E. Budd (2017-05-01). “Origin and evolution of the panarthropod head ? A palaeobiological and developmental perspective” (英語). Arthropod Structure & Development 46 (3): 354?379. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2016.10.011. ISSN 1467-8039. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803916301669. 
^ Khanna, D. R. (2004) (英語). Biology of Arthropoda. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 9788171418978. https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=Hd4OEDo4gbwC&pg=PA317&lpg=PA317&dq=Heteronomous+metamerism&source=bl&ots=C-fPzbQ6yq&sig=ACfU3U0CEtIzRio5BqsshrDHKwht9xkVVA&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiL-9ryqI_kAhVpwosBHbWrBz8Q6AEwAnoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=Heteronomous%20metamerism&f=false 
^ a b c d 季雄, 椎野「甲殻類系統発生雑記(動物分類学会シンポジウム講演要旨)」『動物分類学会会報』第28巻、1963年、7?12頁、doi:10.19004/jsszc.28.0_7。 
^ Ruppert, E. E.; R. S. Fox; R. D. Barnes (2004), Invertebrate Zoology (7th ed.), Brooks/Cole, ISBN 0-03-025982-7
^ a b Haas, M. Susan; Brown, Susan J.; Beeman, Richard W. (2001-03-08). “Homeotic evidence for the appendicular origin of the labrum in Tribolium castaneum” (英語). Development Genes and Evolution 211 (2): 96?102. doi:10.1007/s004270000129. ISSN 0949-944X. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004270000129. 
^ a b Du, Xiaoliang; Yue, Chao; Hua, Baozhen (2009-08). “Embryonic development of the scorpionfly Panorpa emarginata Cheng with special reference to external morphology (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)” (英語). Journal of Morphology 270 (8): 984?995. doi:10.1002/jmor.10736. ISSN 0362-2525. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jmor.10736. 
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Javier, Ortega-Hernandez, (2016). ⇒“Making sense of ‘lower’ and ‘upper’ stem-group Euarthropoda, with comments on the strict use of the name Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848” (英語). Biological Reviews 91 (1): 255-273. ISSN 1464-7931. ⇒http://eprints.esc.cam.ac.uk/3217/
^ a b Boxshall, G. (2009年). “Exopodites , Epipodites and Gills in Crustaceans” (英語). www.semanticscholar.org. 2021年12月23日閲覧。
^ a b c d e f Yang, Jie; Ortega-Hernandez, Javier; Legg, David A.; Lan, Tian; Hou, Jin-bo; Zhang, Xi-guang (2018-02-01). “Early Cambrian fuxianhuiids from China reveal origin of the gnathobasic protopodite in euarthropods” (英語). Nature Communications 9 (1). doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02754-z. ISSN 2041-1723. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02754-z. 
^ a b Liu, Yu; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Schmidt, Michel; Bond, Andrew D.; Melzer, Roland R.; Zhai, Dayou; Mai, Huijuan; Zhang, Maoyin et al. (2021-07-30). “Exites in Cambrian arthropods and homology of arthropod limb branches” (英語). Nature Communications 12 (1): 4619. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24918-8. ISSN 2041-1723. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24918-8. 
^ a b Wootton, R. (1999). “Invertebrate paraxial locomotory appendages: design, deformation and control.”. The Journal of experimental biology. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Invertebrate-paraxial-locomotory-appendages:-and-Wootton/9ed3aa63a976113832587baa859bbd7965060b2e. 
^ a b c d SHULTZ, JEFFREY W. (1989-09-01). “Morphology of locomotor appendages in Arachnida: evolutionary trends and phylogenetic implications”. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 97 (1): 1?56. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1989.tb00552.x. ISSN 0024-4082. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1989.tb00552.x. 
^ Alexander, David E. (2017-01-01), Alexander, David E., ed. (英語), Chapter 5 - Systems and Scaling, Academic Press, pp. 121?150, ISBN 978-0-12-804404-9, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128044049000050 2022年4月16日閲覧。 
^ Frantsevich, Leonid; Wang, Weiying (2009-01-01). “Gimbals in the insect leg” (英語). Arthropod Structure & Development 38 (1): 16?30. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2008.06.002. ISSN 1467-8039. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803908000650. 

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