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生命

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^ Mautner, Michael N. (1997). “Directed panspermia. 3. Strategies and motivation for seeding star-forming clouds”. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 50: 93?102. Bibcode: 1997JBIS...50...93M. ⇒オリジナルの2 November 2012時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20121102064738/http://www.astro-ecology.com/PDFDirectedPanspermia3JBIS1997Paper.pdf.
^ Mautner, Michael N. (2000). Seeding the Universe with Life: Securing Our Cosmological Future. Washington D.C.. ISBN 978-0-476-00330-9. ⇒オリジナルの2 November 2012時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20121102064713/http://www.astro-ecology.com/PDFSeedingtheUniverse2005Book.pdf
^ McKay, Chris (18 September 2014). “What is life? It's a Tricky, Often Confusing Question”. Astrobiology Magazine.
^ Nealson, K.H.; Conrad, P.G. (December 1999). “Life: past, present and future”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 354 (1392): 1923?1939. doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0532. PMC 1692713. PMID 10670014. オリジナルの3 January 2016時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20160103000925/https://royalsociety.org/journals/.
^ Mautner, Michael N. (2009). “Life-centered ethics, and the human future in space”. Bioethics 23 (8): 433?440. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00688.x. PMID 19077128. ⇒オリジナルの2 November 2012時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20121102064743/http://www.astro-ecology.com/PDFLifeCenteredBioethics2009Paper.pdf.
^ Jeuken M (1975). “The biological and philosophical defitions of life”. Acta Biotheoretica 24 (1?2): 14?21. doi:10.1007/BF01556737. PMID 811024.
^ Capron AM (1978). “Legal definition of death”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 315 (1): 349?362. Bibcode: 1978NYASA.315..349C. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb50352.x. PMID 284746.
^ Trifonov, Edward N. (17 March 2011). “Vocabulary of Definitions of Life Suggests a Definition”. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 29 (2): 259?266. doi:10.1080/073911011010524992. PMID 21875147.
^ Koshland, Daniel E. Jr. (22 March 2002). “The Seven Pillars of Life”. Science 295 (5563): 2215?2216. doi:10.1126/science.1068489. PMID 11910092.
^ “life”. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. (2006). ISBN 978-0-618-70173-5
^ “Life”. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 2021年12月13日時点の ⇒オリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年7月25日閲覧。
^ “Habitability and Biology: What are the Properties of Life?”. Phoenix Mars Mission. The University of Arizona. 2014年4月16日時点の ⇒オリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年6月6日閲覧。
^ Trifonov, Edward N. (2012). “Definition of Life: Navigation through Uncertainties”. Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics 29 (4): 647?650. doi:10.1080/073911012010525017. PMID 22208269.
^ Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1968). “On Some Fundamental Concepts of Darwinian Biology”. Evolutionary Biology. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 1?34. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8094-8_1. ISBN 978-1-4684-8096-2. オリジナルの30 July 2022時点におけるアーカイブ。. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8094-8_1 2022年7月23日閲覧。
^ Wang, Guanyu (2014). Analysis of complex diseases : a mathematical perspective. Boca Raton. ISBN 978-1-4665-7223-2. OCLC 868928102. オリジナルの30 July 2022時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20220730033921/https://www.worldcat.org/title/analysis-of-complex-diseases-a-mathematical-perspective/oclc/868928102 2022年7月23日閲覧。
^ Climate change impact on livestock : adaptation and mitigation. New Delhi. (2015). ISBN 978-81-322-2265-1. OCLC 906025831. オリジナルの30 July 2022時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20220730033921/https://www.worldcat.org/title/climate-change-impact-on-livestock-adaptation-and-mitigation/oclc/906025831 2022年7月23日閲覧。
^ “ASTR-1020: Astronomy II Course Lecture Notes Section XII”. East Tennessee State University. 2012年3月22日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年8月28日閲覧。
^ “Physics 2028: Great Ideas in Science: The Exobiology Module”. East Tennessee State University (Spring 2008). 2012年3月22日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年8月28日閲覧。
^ Lammer, H.; Bredehoft, J.H.; Coustenis, A.; Khodachenko, M.L.; etal (2009). “What makes a planet habitable?”. The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review 17 (2): 181?249. Bibcode: 2009A&ARv..17..181L. doi:10.1007/s00159-009-0019-z. ⇒オリジナルの2 June 2016時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20160602235333/http://veilnebula.jorgejohnson.me/uploads/3/5/8/7/3587678/lammer_et_al_2009_astron_astro_rev-4.pdf 2016年5月3日閲覧. "Life as we know it has been described as a (thermodynamically) open system (Prigogine et al. 1972), which makes use of gradients in its surroundings to create imperfect copies of itself."
^ Benner, Steven A. (December 2010). “Defining Life”. Astrobiology 10 (10): 1021?1030. Bibcode: 2010AsBio..10.1021B. doi:10.1089/ast.2010.0524. PMC 3005285. PMID 21162682. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3005285/.
^ Joyce, Gerald F. (1995). “The RNA World: Life before DNA and Protein”. Extraterrestrials. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139?151. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511564970.017. hdl:2060/19980211165. ISBN 978-0-511-56497-0
^ Benner, Steven A. (December 2010). “Defining Life”. Astrobiology 10 (10): 1021?1030. Bibcode: 2010AsBio..10.1021B. doi:10.1089/ast.2010.0524. PMC 3005285. PMID 21162682. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3005285/.
^ a b Piast, Rados?aw W. (June 2019). “Shannon's information, Bernal's biopoiesis and Bernoulli distribution as pillars for building a definition of life”. Journal of Theoretical Biology 470: 101?107. Bibcode: 2019JThBi.470..101P. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.03.009. PMID 30876803.
^ Kaufmann, Stuart (2004). “Autonomous agents”. In Barrow, John D.; Davies, P.C.W.; Harper, Jr., C.L.. Science and Ultimate Reality. pp. 654?666. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511814990.032. ISBN 978-0-521-83113-0. オリジナルの5 November 2023時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://books.google.com/books?id=K_OfC0Pte_8C&pg=PA654 2023年8月10日閲覧。
^ Longo, Giuseppe; Montevil, Mael; Kauffman, Stuart (1 January 2012). “No entailing laws, but enablement in the evolution of the biosphere”. Proceedings of the 14th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation. GECCO '12. pp. 1379?1392. arXiv:1201.2069. Bibcode: 2012arXiv1201.2069L. doi:10.1145/2330784.2330946. ISBN 978-1-4503-1178-6. オリジナルの11 May 2017時点におけるアーカイブ。

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