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無神論者

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^ a b Various authors. “Logical Arguments for Atheism”. The Secular Web Library. Internet Infidels. 2012年11月17日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年10月2日閲覧。
^ Shook, John R.. “Skepticism about the Supernatural”. 2012年10月18日時点の ⇒オリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年10月2日閲覧。
^ Drange, Theodore M. (1996年). “The Arguments From Evil and Nonbelief”. Secular Web Library. Internet Infidels. 2007年1月10日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年10月2日閲覧。
^ Harvey, Van A.. Agnosticism and Atheism, in Flynn 2007, p. 35: "The terms ATHEISM and AGNOSTICISM lend themselves to two different definitions. The first takes the privative a both before the Greek theos (divinity) and gnosis (to know) to mean that atheism is simply the absence of belief in the gods and agnosticism is simply lack of knowledge of some specified subject matter. The second definition takes atheism to mean the explicit denial of the existence of gods and agnosticism as the position of someone who, because the existence of gods is unknowable, suspends judgment regarding them ... The first is the more inclusive and recognizes only two alternatives: Either one believes in the gods or one does not. Consequently, there is no third alternative, as those who call themselves agnostics sometimes claim. Insofar as they lack belief, they are really atheists. Moreover, since the absence of belief is the cognitive position in which everyone is born, the burden of proof falls on those who advocate religious belief. The proponents of the second definition, by contrast, regard the first definition as too broad because it includes uninformed children along with aggressive and explicit atheists. Consequently, it is unlikely that the public will adopt it."
^ Stenger 2007, pp. 17?18, citing Parsons, Keith M. (1989). God and the Burden of Proof: Plantinga, Swinburne, and the Analytical Defense of Theism. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-551-5
^ Honderich, Ted (Ed.) (1995). "Humanism". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. p. 376. ISBN 0-19-866132-0.
^ Fales, Evan. Naturalism and Physicalism, in Martin 2006, pp. 122?131.
^ Baggini 2003, pp. 3?4.
^ Zuckerman, Phil (2007). Martin, Michael T. ed. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-521-60367-6. OL 22379448M. オリジナルのOctober 31, 2015時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20151031223718/https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA56 2011年4月9日閲覧。
^ “Religiosity and Atheism Index”. Zurich: WIN/GIA (2012年7月27日). 2013年10月21日時点の ⇒オリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年10月1日閲覧。
^ “New Survey Shows the World's Most and Least Religious Places”. NPR (2015年4月13日). 2015年5月6日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2015年4月29日閲覧。
^ “Religion prevails in the world” (2017年11月14日). 2017年11月14日時点の ⇒オリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年2月27日閲覧。
^ Keysar, Ariela; Navarro-Rivera, Juhem (2017). “36. A World of Atheism: Global Demographics”. In Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael. The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-964465-0
^ “UK among most secular nations”. BBC News. (2004年2月26日). ⇒オリジナルの2017年9月2日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20170902202852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/wtwtgod/3518375.stm 2015年1月14日閲覧。
^ “Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-2007”. Encyclopadia Britannica (2007年). 2013年12月12日時点の ⇒オリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年11月21日閲覧。

2.3% Atheists: Persons professing atheism, skepticism, disbelief, or irreligion, including the militantly antireligious (opposed to all religion).

11.9% Nonreligious: Persons professing no religion, nonbelievers, agnostics, freethinkers, uninterested, or dereligionized secularists indifferent to all religion but not militantly so.

^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Atheism" . Encyclopadia Britannica (英語) (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. The term as generally used, however, is highly ambiguous. Its meaning varies (a) according to the various definitions of deity, and especially (b) according as it is (i.) deliberately adopted by a thinker as a description of his own theological standpoint, or (ii.) applied by one set of thinkers to their opponents. As to (a), it is obvious that atheism from the standpoint of the Christian is a very different conception as compared with atheism as understood by a Deist, a Positivist, a follower of Euhemerus or Herbert Spencer, or a Buddhist.
^ Martin 1990, pp. 467?468: "In the popular sense an agnostic neither believes nor disbelieves that God exists, while an atheist disbelieves that God exists. However, this common contrast of agnosticism with atheism will hold only if one assumes that atheism means positive atheism. In the popular sense, agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism. Since negative atheism by definition simply means not holding any concept of God, it is compatible with neither believing nor disbelieving in God."
^ Holland, Aaron. Agnosticism. https://archive.org/details/jstor-25667906, in Flynn 2007, p. 34: "It is important to note that this interpretation of agnosticism is compatible with theism or atheism, since it is only asserted that knowledge of God's existence is unattainable."
^ Martin 2006, p. 2: "But agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism in that agnosticism entails negative atheism. Since agnostics do not believe in God, they are by definition negative atheists. This is not to say that negative atheism entails agnosticism. A negative atheist might disbelieve in God but need not."
^ Barker 2008, p. 96: "People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic."
^ Nielsen 2013: "atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. As such, it is usually distinguished from theism, which affirms the reality of the divine and often seeks to demonstrate its existence. Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or unanswerable."
^ ⇒"Atheism". Encyclopadia Britannica Concise. Merriam Webster. 2012年1月21日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年12月15日閲覧。Critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or divine beings. Unlike agnosticism, which leaves open the question of whether there is a God, atheism is a positive denial. It is rooted in an array of philosophical systems.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Atheism" . Encyclopadia Britannica (英語) (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. But dogmatic atheism is rare compared with the sceptical type, which is identical with agnosticism in so far as it denies the capacity of the mind of man to form any conception of God, but is different from it in so far as the agnostic merely holds his judgment in suspense, though, in practice, agnosticism is apt to result in an attitude towards religion which is hardly distinguishable from a passive and unaggressive atheism.
^ Martin 2006.
^ Lois Lee & Stephen Bullivant, A Dictionary of Atheism (Oxford University Press, 2016).
^ Wolff, Gary, in The New Atheism, The Church of the Non-Believers reprinted in Wired Magazine, November 2006

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