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カスア語[9]hilila[hi?i??]'重い'単語の先頭や末尾では使われない[9]。
ピダハン語toogixi[to?????i?i]'鍬'ある種のスピーチでのみ使用される。
ワユ語puuluku[p????k?]'豚'/r/ と対立
脚注^ Association phonetique internationale (1928).
^ International Phonetic Association (1949), p. 14.
^ Association phonetique internationale (1932).
^ Association phonetique internationale (1952).
^ International Phonetic Association (1978).
^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 243.
^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 213.
^ Akamatsu (1997), p. 106.
^ a b Logan, Tommy (July 2003). Organised Phonology Data. SIL International. ⇒オリジナルの2018-07-09時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20180709175924/http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/pubs/928474542376/Kasua.pdf 2018年7月9日閲覧。.
参考文献.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}
Akamatsu, Tsutomu (1997). Japanese Phonetics: Theory and Practice. Munchen: Lincom Europa. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN 3-89586-095-6
Association phonetique internationale (1928). “desizj?? ofisj?l [Decisions officielles]”. Le Maitre Phonetique. Troisieme serie 6 (23): 51?53. JSTOR 44704266.
Association phonetique internationale (1932). “The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1932)”. Le Maitre Phonetique. Troisieme serie 10 (37): Supplement. JSTOR 44749172.
Association phonetique internationale (1952). “The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1951)”. Le Maitre Phonetique. Troisieme serie 30 (97): Front matter. JSTOR 44748475.
International Phonetic Association (1949). “The Principles of the International Phonetic Association”. Le Maitre Phonetique. Troisieme serie 27 (91): Supplement. JSTOR i40200179.
International Phonetic Association (1978). “The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 1979)”. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 8 (1?2): Supplement. JSTOR 44541414.
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0631198154。
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