暗黒時代 - 暇つぶしWikipedia

暗黒時代

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しかし、ペトラルカが言った侮蔑的な意味は、中世を暴力的で後進的な時代と誤認させるような大衆文化 [13][14]の中では、今でも使われている [15][16][17]。
脚注 ^ Oxford English Dictionary. 4 (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. (1989). p. 251. https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0004unse/
^ “Definition of DARK AGE”. www.merriam-webster.com. 3/15/2021閲覧。
^ a b c d Theodor Ernst Mommsen (1959). “Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'”. Medieval And Renaissance Studies. Cornell University Press. pp. 106?129. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110531/page/n115/mode/2up . Reprinted from: Mommsen, Theodore Ernst (1942). “Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'”. Speculum (Cambridge MA: Medieval Academy of America) 17 (2): 227?228. doi:10.2307/2856364. JSTOR 2856364.
^ Thompson, Bard (1996). Humanists and Reformers: A History of the Renaissance and Reformation. Grand Rapids, MI: Erdmans. p. 13. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN 978-0-8028-6348-5. "Petrarch was the very first to speak of the Middle Ages as a 'dark age', one that separated him from the riches and pleasures of classical antiquity and that broke the connection between his own age and the civilization of the Greeks and the Romans."
^ Dwyer, John C. (1998). Church History: Twenty Centuries of Catholic Christianity. New York: Paulist Press. p. 155. https://archive.org/details/churchhistory00john
^ Baronius, Caesar. Annales Ecclesiastici, Vol. X. Roma, 1602, p. 647
^ Ker, W. P. (1904). The Dark Ages. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. p. 1. https://archive.org/details/darkages00kerwrich. "The Dark Ages and the Middle Ages ? or the Middle Age ? used to be the same; two names for the same period. But they have come to be distinguished, and the Dark Ages are now no more than the first part of the Middle Age, while the term mediaeval is often restricted to the later centuries, about 1100 to 1500, the age of chivalry, the time between the first Crusade and the Renaissance. This was not the old view, and it does not agree with the proper meaning of the name."
^ “Were the "Dark Ages" Really Dark?”. Grey Matter. The Co-curricular Journal of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (Aligarh Muslim University) 7 (10). (2003).
^ Halsall, Guy (2005). Fouracre, Paul. ed. The New Cambridge Medieval History: c.500-c.700. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. https://archive.org/details/newcambridgemedi700four_962. "In terms of the sources of information available, this is most certainly not a Dark Age... Over the last century, the sources of evidence have increased dramatically, and the remit of the historian (broadly defined as a student of the past) has expanded correspondingly."
^ Snyder, Christopher A. (1998). An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400–600. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. xiii–xiv. ISBN 0-271-01780-5 . In explaining his approach to writing the work, Snyder refers to the "so-called Dark Ages", noting that "Historians and archaeologists have never liked the label Dark Ages ... there are numerous indicators that these centuries were neither 'dark' nor 'barbarous' in comparison with other eras."

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