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敬語

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注釈 ^ 例えばチベット語や中古日本語など。
^ 例えば動詞の活用も3人称など本来の二人称形と異なる形を用いる。
^ 「?好」（ニイハオ）で使われる二人称の?（ni3）（ニイ）の敬語形が?（nin2）（ニン）。なお「?好??」という挨拶は英語の"How are you?"に由来し、米中・日中の国交回復以前には常用されていない [36]。

出典 ^ 『文部科学省学術用語集：言語学編』
^ Shibatani 1994
^ Kibort, Anna. ⇒Respect. Grammatical Features. 7 January 2008.
^ 白土保、丸元聡子、村田真樹、井佐原均「日本語発話文における敬語の誤用を指摘するシステムの開発」自然言語処理13巻3号 p.243-260 一般社団法人言語処理学会 2022年7月24日閲覧
 ^ 文化審議会「敬語の指針」文化庁 2022年7月24日閲覧
 ^ 井上史雄 2017a, pp. 14?15.
^ a b Comrie, Bernard (1976). “Linguistic politeness axes: Speaker-addressee, speaker-referent, speaker-bystander.”. Pragmatics Microfiche 1 (7): A3?B1.
^ Huang, Yan. 2007. Pragmatics, Oxford University Press. p.164
^ Velupillai 2012, p. 370.
^ Tsunoda, Tasaku. 2005. Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization. Walter de Gruyter. p. 97
^ Dixon, Robert M. W. 1994. Ergativity. Cambridge University Press. p. 19
^ Foley, William. 1997. Anthropological linguistics: An introduction. Blackwell. pp. 327?8
^ Odango, Emerson Lopez (2015). Affeu fangani 'join together': A morphophonemic analysis of possessive suffix paradigms and a discourse-based ethnography of the elicitation session in Pakin Lukunosh Mortlockese. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1714372047.
^ 宇賀治正朋『英語史』開拓社、2000年、174頁。
^ 井上史雄 2017a, pp. 233?234.
^ 苅部恒徳「親称の"Thou"と敬称の"You" : 英語における2人称代名詞の歴史について」『新潟大学英文学会誌』第28巻、新潟大学英文学会、1999年8月、1-15頁、.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}NAID 110000299961。
^ a b c 浅田秀子『日本語にはどうして敬語が多いの？』アリス館、1997年。
^ Foley, William (1997). “Language and Social Position.” Anthropological Linguistics: An Introduction: 305?333. Blackwell Publishing.
^ Huszcza, Romuald. (2005). “Politeness in Poland: From ‘Titlemania’ to Grammaticalised Honorifics.” Politeness in Europe: 218?233
^ Popov, Paul (Autumn 1985). “On the Origin of Russian vy as a Form of Polite Address.” The Slavic and East European Journal 29 (3): 330?337
^ Hill, Jane H. and Kenneth C. Hill. 1978. “Honorific Usage in Modern Nahuatl: The Expression of Social Distance and Respect in the Nahuatl of the Malinche Volcano Area.” https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/413001.pdf Language. Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 125, 130, 142.
^ a b c d Odango, Emerson Lopez (2015). Affeu fangani 'join together': A morphophonemic analysis of possessive suffix paradigms and a discourse-based ethnography of the elicitation session in Pakin Lukunosh Mortlockese. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1714372047.
^ James Joseph Errington: 1998. Shifting languages: interaction and identity in Javanese Indonesia in Issue 19 of Studies in the social and cultural foundations of language. Cambridge University Press: 1998. ISBN 0-521-63448-2, ISBN 978-0-521-63448-9. 216 pages 84?88
^ Errington, JJ 1988. Structure and Style in Javanese: A Semiotic View of Linguistic Etiquette. University of Pennsylvania Press: 11
^ Koentjaraningrat. 1985. Javanese culture Oxford University Press, 1985. ISBN 0-19-582542-X, 550 pages
^ Tim Ingold editor. 2002. Companion encyclopedia of anthropologyTaylor & Francis, 2002.ISBN 0415286042. 882?883. 9780415286046
^ Ward Keeler: 1984. Javanese, a cultural approach: Issue 69 of Papers in international studies Southeast Asia Series. Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1984. ISBN 0-89680-121-7, ISBN 978-0-89680-121-9. 515 pages
^ Dardjowidjojo, Soenjono (1973). “Honorifics in Generative Semantics: A Case in Javanese.” RELC Journal 4: 86?97
^ James Joseph Errington: 1998. Shifting languages: interaction and identity in Javanese Indonesia in Issue 19 of Studies in the social and cultural foundations of language. Cambridge University Press: 1998. ISBN 0-521-63448-2, ISBN 978-0-521-63448-9. 216 pages 84?88
^ Errington, JJ 1988. Structure and Style in Javanese: A Semiotic View of Linguistic Etiquette. University of Pennsylvania Press
^ Scotton CM 1988, Code Switching as Indexical of Social Negotiations". in M Heller Codeswitching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
^ Tim Ingold editor. 2002. Companion encyclopedia of anthropologyTaylor & Francis, 2002.ISBN 0415286042. 884?890. 9780415286046
^ Hildred Geertz. 1961. The Javanese family: a study of kinship and socialization: Volume 2 of Series on contemporary Javanese life. Free Press of Glencoe, 1961. 176 pages. 19: 147: 152
^ a b c Lee, Iksop and S. Robert Ramsey. 2000. The Korean Language. State University of New York Press. pp. 224, 250, 253?263. ISBN 0-7914-4831-2
^ Stauss, Susan and Jong Oh Eun. 2005. “Indexicality and honorific speech level choice in Korean.” Linguistics. 613?614. ISSN 1613-396X
^ 司馬遼太郎・陳舜臣『対談中国を考える』文春文庫

 参考文献

Shibatani, Masayoshi（柴谷方良）. 1994. Honorifics. In: Asher, R.E. (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 1600-1608.

Velupillai, Viveka (2012). An Introduction to Linguistic Typology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi:10.1075/z.176. ISBN 978-90-272-1198-9

井上史雄『敬語は変わる』大修館書店〈大規模調査からわかる百年の動き〉、2017a。ISBN 978-4-469-22260-9。

井上史雄『新・敬語論なぜ「乱れる」のか』NHK出版〈NHK出版新書〉、2017b。

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出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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