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悪

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^ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ⇒"Ethics"
^ a b c Roy F. Baumeister " ⇒Human Evil: The Mythical and the True Causes of Violence" Florida State University. archive
^ Stern, Fritz; Lifton, Robert Jay (1986). “The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide”. Foreign Affairs 65 (2): 404. doi:10.2307/20043033. ISSN 0015-7120. https://doi.org/10.2307/20043033.
^ Dower, John W. (2017), ⇒War without mercy : race and power in the pacific war, Tantor Media, ISBN 978-1-5414-2124-0, OCLC 982707419, ⇒http://worldcat.org/oclc/982707419 2019年12月8日閲覧。
^ Hesse, Petra; Mack, John E. (1991). Rieber, Robert W.. ed (英語). The Psychology of War and Peace: The Image of the Enemy. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 131-153. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0747-9_6. ISBN 978-1-4899-0747-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0747-9_6
^ Baumeister, Roy F. (2005). ⇒The cultural animal : human nature, meaning, and social life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516703-1. OCLC 770765517. ⇒http://worldcat.org/oclc/770765517
^ Baumeister, Roy F.; Smart, Laura; Boden, Joseph M. (1996). “Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.”. Psychological Review 103 (1): 5-33. doi:10.1037//0033-295x.103.1.5. ISSN 0033-295X. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.103.1.5.
^ Bushman, Brad (1998年). “Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and directed and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?”. PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2019年12月8日閲覧。
^ Solomon, Richard L.; Corbit, John D. (1974). “An opponent-process theory of motivation: I. Temporal dynamics of affect.”. Psychological Review 81 (2): 119-145. doi:10.1037/h0036128. ISSN 1939-1471. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036128.
^ O'Neal, Edgar C. (1994). “Human aggression, second edition, edited by Robert A. Baron and Deborah R. Richardson. New York, Plenum, 1994, xx + 419 pp” (英語). Aggressive Behavior 20 (6): 461-463. doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1994)20:63.0.CO;2-O. ISSN 1098-2337. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1098-2337%281994%2920%3A6%3C461%3A%3AAID-AB2480200606%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O.
^ Bushman, Brad J.; Geen, Russell G. (1990). “Role of cognitive-emotional mediators and individual differences in the effects of media violence on aggression.”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58 (1): 156-163. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.156. ISSN 1939-1315. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.156.
^ Baumeister, Roy F. (2006). ⇒Losing control : how and why people fail at self-regulation. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-083140-6. OCLC 553911110. ⇒http://worldcat.org/oclc/553911110
^ Bushman, B. J.; Cooper, H. M. (1990-05). “Effects of alcohol on human aggression: an integrative research review”. Psychological Bulletin 107 (3): 341-354. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.3.341. ISSN 0033-2909. PMID 2140902. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2140902.
^ ⇒Good and Evil in Chinese Philosophy Archived 2006年5月29日, at the Wayback Machine. C.W. Chan
^ History of Chinese Philosophy Feng Youlan, Volume II The Period of Classical Learning (from the Second Century B.C. to the Twentieth Century A.D). Trans. Derk Bodde. Ch. XIV Liu Chiu-Yuan, Wang Shou-jen, and Ming Idealism. part 6 § 6 Origin of Evil. Uses strikingly similar language to that in the etymology section of this article, in the context of Chinese Idealism.
^ a b Benedict de Spinoza, Ethics, Part IV Of Human Bondage or of the Strength of the Affects Definitions translated by W. H. White, Revised by A. H. Stirling, Great Books vol 31, Encyclopadia Britannica 1952 p. 424

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