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多幸感

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^ a b “Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases”. Gateway Psychiatric Services. 2013年11月13日時点の ⇒オリジナルよりアーカイブ。2014年2月17日閲覧。
^ a b c “Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds”. Biol. Lett. 6 (1): 106?8. (2010). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670. PMC 2817271. PMID 19755532. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817271/. "This heightened effect from synchronized activity may explain the sense of euphoria experienced during other social activities (such as laughter, music-making and dancing) that are involved in social bonding in humans and possibly other vertebrates."
^ "Psychophysical Correlates of the Practice of Tantric Yoga Meditation". Corby, Roth, Zarcone, & Kopell. Archives of General Hackett, 1978.
^ “ ⇒Euphoria”. Wrong Diagnosis. Health Grades Inc.. 2011年6月23日閲覧。
^ Rhodri Hayward "euphoria" The Oxford Companion to the Body. Ed. Colin Blakemore and Sheila Jennett. Oxford University Press, 2001. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. 28 July 2011
^ “NHKクローズアップ現代「“百寿者”　知られざる世界?幸せな長生きのすすめ?」（2014年10月15日放送）”. 2014年10月15日閲覧。
^ a b c d e f g Bearn, Jenny; O'Brien, Matthew (2015). ““Addicted to Euphoria””. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 120: 205?233. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005. PMID 26070759.
^ “Neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data”. Physiological Reviews 95 (3): 853?951. (2015). doi:10.1152/physrev.00023.2014. PMC 4491543. PMID 26109341. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4491543/. "The feeling of high that is experienced by sports people during running or swimming, the lust evoked by encountering a ready mating partner, a sexual orgasm, the euphoria reported by drug users, and the parental affection to babies constitute different forms (qualities) rather than degrees of pleasure (quantities)."
^ a b Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. (2009). pp. 191, 350?351, 367?368, 371?375. ISBN 9780071481274. "Changes in appetite and energy may reflect abnormalities in various hypothalamic nuclei. Depressed mood and anhedonia (lack of interest in pleasurable activities) in depressed individuals, and euphoria and increased involvement in goal-directed activities in patients, who experience mania, may reflect opposing abnormalities in the nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, or other structures. ... Although short-term administration of glucocorticoids often produces euphoria and increased energy, the impact of long-lasting increases in endogenous glucocorticoids produced during depression can involve complex adaptations such as those that occur in Cushing syndrome (Chapter 10). ... Exposure to addictive chemicals not only produces extreme euphoric states that may initially motivate drug use, but also causes equally extreme adaptations in reinforcement mechanisms and motivated behavior that eventually lead to compulsive use. Accordingly, the evolutionary design of human and animal brains that has helped to promote our survival also has made us vulnerable to addiction."
^ a b “Phenylethylamine, a possible link to the antidepressant effects of exercise?”. Br J Sports Med 35 (5): 342?343. (2001). doi:10.1136/bjsm.35.5.342. PMC 1724404. PMID 11579070. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1724404/. "The 24 hour mean urinary concentration of phenylacetic acid was increased by 77% after exercise. ... These results show substantial increases in urinary phenylacetic acid levels 24 hours after moderate to high intensity aerobic exercise. As phenylacetic acid reflects phenylethylamine levels3, and the latter has antidepressant effects, the antidepressant effects of exercise appear to be linked to increased phenylethylamine concentrations. Furthermore, considering the structural and pharmacological analogy between amphetamines and phenylethylamine, it is conceivable that phenylethylamine plays a role in the commonly reported "runners high" thought to be linked to cerebral β-endorphin activity. The substantial increase in phenylacetic acid excretion in this study implies that phenylethylamine levels are affected by exercise. ... A 30 minute bout of moderate to high intensity aerobic exercise increases phenylacetic acid levels in healthy regularly exercising men. The findings may be linked to the antidepressant effects of exercise."
^ “Physical activity and the endocannabinoid system: an overview”. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 71 (14): 2681?2698. (2014). doi:10.1007/s00018-014-1575-6. PMID 24526057. "The traditional view that PA engages the monoaminergic and endorphinergic systems has been challenged by the discovery of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), composed of endogenous lipids, their target receptors, and metabolic enzymes. Indeed, direct and indirect evidence suggests that the ECS might mediate some of the PA-triggered effects throughout the body. ... the evidence that PA induces some of the psychotropic effects elicited by the Cannabis sativa active ingredient Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC, Fig. 1), like bliss, euphoria, and peacefulness, strengthened the hypothesis that endocannabinoids (eCBs) might mediate, at least in part, the central and peripheral effects of exercise [14]. ... To our knowledge, the first experimental study aimed at investigating the influence of PA on ECS in humans was carried out in 2003 by Sparling and coworkers [63], who showed increased plasma AEA content after 45 min of moderate intensity exercise on a treadmill or cycle ergometer. Since then, other human studies have shown increased blood concentrations of AEA ... A dependence of the increase of AEA concentration on exercise intensity has also been documented. Plasma levels of AEA significantly increased upon 30 min of moderate exercise (heart rate of 72 and 83 %), but not at lower and significantly higher exercise intensities, where the age-adjusted maximal heart rate was 44 and 92 %, respectively ... Several experimental data support the hypothesis that ECS might, at least in part, explain PA effects on brain functions, because: (1) CB1 is the most abundant GPCR in the brain participating in neuronal plasticity [18]; (2) eCBs are involved in several brain responses that greatly overlap with the positive effects of exercise; (3) eCBs are able to cross the blood?brain barrier [95]; and (4) exercise increases eCB plasma levels [64?67]."
^ “Effects of exercise and physical activity on depression”. Ir J Med Sci 180 (2): 319?325. (2011). doi:10.1007/s11845-010-0633-9. PMID 21076975. "According to the 'endorphins hypothesis', exercise augments the secretion of endogenous opioid peptides in the brain, reducing pain and causing general euphoria. ... Based upon a large effect size, the results confirmed the endorphins hypothesis demonstrating that exercise leads to an increased secretion of endorphins which, in turn, improved mood states.
β-Endorphin, an endogenous μ-opioid receptor selective ligand, has received much attention in the literature linking endorphins and depression or mood states. ... exercise of sufficient intensity and duration can increase circulating β-endorphin levels. ... Moreover, a recent study demonstrated that exercise and physical activity increased β-endorphin levels in plasma with positive effects on mood. The researchers reported that, independently of sex and age, dynamic anaerobic exercises increased β-endorphin, while resistance and aerobic exercises seem to only have small effects on β-endorphins. ... The results showed that mood tends to be higher in a day an individual exercises as well as that daily activity and exercise overall are strongly linked with mood states. In line with these findings, a recent study showed that exercise significantly improved mood states in non-exercises, recreational exercisers, as well as marathon runners. More importantly, the effects of exercise on mood were twofold in recreational exercisers and marathon runners."
^ “A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family”. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 26 (5): 274?281. (2005). doi:10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.007. PMID 15860375. "The pharmacology of TAs might also contribute to a molecular understanding of the well-recognized antidepressant effect of physical exercise [51]. In addition to the various beneficial effects for brain function mainly attributed to an upregulation of peptide growth factors [52,53], exercise induces a rapidly enhanced excretion of the main β-PEA metabolite β-phenylacetic acid (b-PAA) by on average 77%, compared with resting control subjects [54], which mirrors increased β-PEA synthesis in view of its limited endogenous pool half-life of ~30 s [18,55]."
^ “The potential of trace amines and their receptors for treating neurological and psychiatric diseases”. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2 (1): 3?19. (2007). doi:10.2174/157488707779318107. PMID 18473983. "It has also been suggested that the antidepressant effects of exercise are due to an exercise-induced elevation of [phenethylamine] [151]."
^ “Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music”. Nat. Neurosci. 14 (2): 257?262. (2011). doi:10.1038/nn.2726. PMID 21217764. "Music, an abstract stimulus, can arouse feelings of euphoria and craving, similar to tangible rewards that involve the striatal dopaminergic system. ... the caudate was more involved during the anticipation and the nucleus accumbens was more involved during the experience of peak emotional responses to music. ... Notably, the anticipation of an abstract reward can result in dopamine release in an anatomical pathway distinct from that associated with the peak pleasure itself."

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