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呼吸困難

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出典 ^ Donald A. Mahler; Denis E. O'Donnell (2014). Dyspnea: Mechanisms, Measurement, and Management, Third Edition. CRC Press. p. 3. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN 978-1-4822-0869-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=N4BcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac “Dyspnea”. Med. Clin. North Am. 90 (3): 453?79. (May 2006). doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2005.11.006. PMID 16473100.
^ Mukerji, Vaskar (1990). “11”. Dyspnea, Orthopnea, and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea. Butterworth Publishers. ISBN 9780409900774. PMID 21250057. オリジナルの27 April 2018時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK213/ 2014年8月15日閲覧. "In addition, dyspnea may occur in febrile and hypoxic states and in association with some psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and panic disorder."
^ a b c d e “Emergencies in palliative care”. Cancer J 16 (5): 514?20. (2010). doi:10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181f28a8d. PMID 20890149.
^ Kelvin, Joanne Frankel (2011). 100 questions & answers about cancer symptoms and cancer treatment side effects. Leslie B. Tyson (2nd edition ed.). Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7637-7760-9. OCLC 499179391. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/499179391
^ a b c d e f g h Zuberi, T. et al. (2009). “Acute breathlessness in adults”. InnovAiT 2 (5): 307?15. doi:10.1093/innovait/inp055.
^ American Heart Society (1999). “Dyspnea mechanisms, assessment, and management: a consensus statement”. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 159 (1): 321?40. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.ats898. PMID 9872857.
^ ⇒TheFreeDictionary Archived 2019-06-05 at the Wayback Machine., retrieved on Dec 12, 2009. Citing: The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Ologies & -Isms. The Gale Group 2008
^ a b “Approach to the adult with dyspnea in the emergency department”. www.uptodate.com. UpToDate (2022年9月16日). 2023年4月12日閲覧。
^ “Dyspnea ? General Practice Notebook”. 2011年6月13日時点の ⇒オリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年6月13日閲覧。
^ a b c Frownfelter, Donna; Dean, Elizabeth (2006). “8”. In Willy E. Hammon III. Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy. 4. Mosby Elsevier. p. 139
^ a b c d e f “Evaluation of the dyspneic patient in the office”. Prim. Care 33 (3): 643?57. (September 2006). doi:10.1016/j.pop.2006.06.007. PMID 17088153.
^ “Differential Diagnosis for Dyspnea: Poisoning (Specific Agent)”. 2010年11月16日時点の ⇒オリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年8月23日閲覧。
^ D. L. Kasper et al. (ed), Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th edition (2018), p. 1943
^ a b c d e f g h i j k “Evaluation of the acutely dyspneic elderly patient”. Clin. Geriatr. Med. 23 (2): 307?25, vi. (May 2007). doi:10.1016/j.cger.2007.01.007. PMID 17462519.
^ “How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled?”. 2012年9月4日時点の ⇒オリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年9月4日閲覧。
^ Pollart, Susan M.; Compton, Rebekah M.; Elward, Kurtis S. (2011-07-01). “Management of Acute Asthma Exacerbations” (英語). American Family Physician 84 (1): 40?47. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0701/p40.html.
^ a b c d e “Pitfalls in the evaluation of shortness of breath”. Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 28 (1): 163?81, ix. (February 2010). doi:10.1016/j.emc.2009.09.011. PMID 19945605.

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出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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