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双生児

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^ Japan Fetoscopy Group『一絨毛膜双胎基本からUpdateまで』（メジカルビュー社、2007年 ISBN 978-4-7583-0539-6）
^ Nicolas H. Zech Josef Wisser Giancarlo Natalucci Mariluce Riegel Alessandra Baumer Albert Schinzel (2008). “Monochorionic‐diamniotic twins discordant in gender from a naturally conceived pregnancy through postzygotic sex chromosome loss in a 47,XXY zygote.”. Prenatal Diagnosis 28 (8): 759-763. PMID 18567067.
^ Nonomura K, Kakizaki H, Fukuzawa N, Fujieda K, Harada N, Niikawa N, Koyanagi T (2002-08). “Monozygotic twins with discordant sexual phenotypes due to different ratios of mosaicism of 47,X,idic (Y),idic (Y) /46,X, idic (Y) /45,X”. Endocrine journal 49 (4): 497-501. PMID 12402982.
^ Fujimoto A, Boelter WD, Sparkes RS, Lin MS, Battersby K (1991-11-01). “Monozygotic twins of discordant sex both with 45,X/46,X,idic(Y) mosaicism”. American journal of medical genetics 41 (2): 239-45. PMID 1785642.
^ Schmidt R, Sobel EH, Nitowsky HM, Dar H, Allen FH Jr (1976). “Monozygotic twins discordant for sex”. Journal of Medical Genetics 13 (1): 64-68. PMID 944787.
^ Dallapiccola B, Stomeo C, Ferranti G, Di Lecce A, Purpura M (1985-02). “Discordant sex in one of three monozygotic triplets”. Journal of medical genetics 22 (1): 6-11. PMID 3856681.
^ Nieuwint A, Van Zalen-Sprock R, Hummel P, Pals G, Van Vugt J, Van Der Harten H, Heins Y, Madan K. (1999). “'Identical' twins with discordant karyotypes”. Prenatal Diagnosis 19 (1): 72-6. PMID 10073913.
^ Su PH, Chen JY, Chen SJ, Hung HM, Ting HC, Lin CY, Quek YW (2006). “45,X/46,XX mosaicism in a mother and one of her discordant monozygotic twin daughters: report of one case”. Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 47 (5): 252-4. PMID 17352314.
^ Rohrer TR, Gassmann KF, Rauch A, Pfeiffer RA, Doerr HG. (2004-08). “Growth of heterokaryotic monozygotic twins discordant for Ullrich-Turner syndrome during the first years of life.”. American journal of medical genetics. 126A (1): 78-83. PMID 15039976.
^ P B Kaplowitz, J Bodurtha, J Brown, J E Spence (1991-10). “Monozygotic twins discordant for Ullrich-Turner syndrome.”. American journal of medical genetics. 41 (1): 78-82. PMID 1951467.
^ Jovanovic L, Landesman R, Saxena BB (1977). “Screening for twin pregnancy”. Science 198 (4318): 738. PMID 910156.
^ Thiery M, Dhont M, Vandekerckhove D. (1977). “Serum HCG and HPL in twin pregnancies”. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 56 (5): 495-7. PMID 602721.
^ Nancy L Segal (2017). Twin mythconseptions.
^ Malinowski W, Waszy?ski E (October 2006). “Superfecundation in etiology of twin pregnancy”. Ginekologia polska 77 (10): 797-803. PMID 17219814.
^ Bourgoin P, Marc J, Merger C, Delatte JN (1995). “Indisputable double paternity in dizygous twins”. Journal de gynecologie, obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction 24 (4): 440-3. PMID 9176461.
^ James WH (April 1980). “Gestational age in twins”. Archives of disease in childhood 55 (4): 281-4. PMID 7191240.
^ "One Twin's White, The Other's Black" ⇒ABC's Good Morning America
^ ⇒[1][リンク切れ]
^ https://arbroath.blogspot.com/2009/01/couple-defy-odds-with-second-pair-of.html "Couple defy odds with second pair of black and white twins"
^ Girela E, Lorente JA, Alvarez JC, Rodrigo MD, Lorent M, Villaneuva E (1997). “Indisputable double paternity in dizygous twins”. Fertility and Sterility 67 (6): 1159-61. PMID 9176461.
^ Wenk RE, Houtz T, Brooks M, Chiafari FA (1992). “How frequent is heteropaternal superfecundation?”. Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae 41 (1): 43-7. PMID 1488855.
^ ICOMBO Facebook 2020年8月15日 International Council of Multiple Birth Organisations (ICOMBO)
^ Kris Bigalk. “ ⇒Rare Forms of Twinning”. bellaonline.com. 2007年3月22日閲覧。
^ "Zygosity Facts"The Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry(Virginia Commonwealth University)
^ Wenk RE, Houtz T, Brooks M, Chiafari FA (2007). “'Semi-identical' twins discovered”. News@Nature (26 March). ⇒News@Nature 26 March 2007 Archived 2007年5月4日, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Souter VL, Parisi MA, Nyholt DR, Kapur RP, Henders AK, Opheim KE, Gunther DF, Mitchell ME, Glass IA, Montgomery GW (2007). “A case of true hermaphroditism reveals an unusual mechanism of twinning”. Human Genetics 121 (2): 179-85. PMID 17165045.
^ 『双子&三つ子ママの妊娠・出産・育児』（Benesse、2006年 ISBN 978-4-8288-6259-0）
^ 体外受精卵：子宮に戻す数、1個と正式に決定??産科婦人科学会毎日新聞 2008年 4月13日
 ^ 『双子&多胎の本』（Benesse、2000年 ISBN 978-4-8288-5582-0）
^ ⇒「生殖補助医療における多胎妊娠防止に関する見解」 Archived 2009年2月28日, at the Wayback Machine. 産科婦人科学会
 ^ Fakeye O (August 1986). “Perinatal factors in twin mortality in Nigeria”. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 24 (4): 309-314. PMID 2878841.
^ a b Nylander PP (1979). “The twinning incidence of Nigeria”. Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma) 28 (4): 261-263. PMID 122131.
^ Matte U, Le Roux MG, Benichou B, Moisan JP, Giugliani R (1996). “Study on possible increase in twinning rate at a small village in south Brazil”. Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma) 45 (4): 431-437. PMID 9181177.
^ Tagliani-Ribeiro A, Paskulin DD, Oliveira M, Zagonel-Oliveira M, Longo D, Ramallo V, Ashton-Prolla P, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Fagundes NJ, Schuler-Faccini L, Matte U. (2012). “High twinning rate in Candido Godoi: a new role for p53 in human fertility.”. Human Reproduction 27 (9): 2866-2871. PMID 22736329.
^ Cyranoski D. (April 2009). ⇒“Developmental biology: Two by two”. Naure 458: 826-9. PMID 19370006. ⇒http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090415/full/458826a.html.
^ Enders AC. (Jan 2002). “Implantation in the nine-banded armadillo: how does a single blastocyst form four embryos?”. Placenta 23: 71-85. PMID 11869094.
^ Wang,H.,Hou,R., Liu, Y.,Cai,Z., Luo, L.,Huang,H.,&Zhang,Z. (2015). “An observational analysis of relevant factors on twin rate of giant panda.(大熊猫双胞胎?生相?因素的分析研究)”. Sichuan Journal of Zoology 34 (5): 650?655.
^ Maiju Qiao , Yingmin Zhou , Thomas Connor , Rengui Li , Dan Tang , Hemin Zhang and Jianghong Ran (2018 Oct). “Diagnosing Zygosity in Giant Panda Twins Using Short Tandem Repeats”. Twin Research and Human Genetics 21 (6): 527?532.
^ IGOR L. TUMANOV (2001). “REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF CAPTIVE POLAR BEARS”. Ursus 12: 107-108.
^ Malenfant RM, Coltman DW, Richardson ES, Lunn NJ, Stirling I, et al. (2016). “Evidence of adoption, monozygotic twinning, and low inbreeding rates in a large genetic pedigree of polar bears.”. Polar Biology 39: 1455-1465.
^ Charles T. Robbins, Merav Ben-David, Jennifer K. Fortin, O. Lynne Nelson (2012). “Maternal condition determines birth date and growth of newborn bear cubs”. Journal of Mammalogy 93 (2): 540?546.
^ 「多胎児の男女比率」 ⇒一般社団法人日本多胎支援協会
 ^ Catherine Derom., et al (2007). “Timing of Twinning, X-Inactivation and Sex Proportion at Birth”. Twin Research and Human Genetics 10 (supp): 8-10.
^ James WH (October 1980). “Sex ratio and placentation in twins”. Ann Hum Biol. 7 (3): 273-6.. PMID 7425555.
^ James WH (October 1975). “The Sex Ratios of Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins”. Ann Hum Biol. 2 (4): 365-378. PMID 1053246.
^ James WH (2010 Aug). “Sex ratio in twin births”. Twin Research and Human Genetics 13 (4): 381-382. PMID 20707708.
^ Orlebeke JF, van Baal GC, Boomsma DI, Neeleman D. (1993). “Birth weight in opposite sex twins as compared to same sex dizygotic twins.”. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 50 (2): 95-98. PMID 8405647.
^ Syuichi Ookil (2013). “Japanese database of families with twins and higher-order multiples.”. Twin Research and Human Genetics 16 (1): 221-225. PMID 23127603.
^ Satoshi Kanazawa, Nancy L Segal, David de Meza (2018). “Why are there more same-sex than opposite-sex dizygotic twins?”. Human reproduction 33 (5): 930-934.
^ Vitthala S, Gelbaya TA, Brison DR, Fitzgerald CT, Nardo LG. (2009). “The risk of monozygotic twins after assisted reproductive technology: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Human Reproduction Update 15 (1): 45-55. PMID 30064533.
^ "Causes of Twinning " ⇒www.nomotc.org
^ LiuS, Hong Y, Cui K, Guan J, Han L, Chen W, Xu Z, Gong K, Ou Y, Zeng C, Li S, Zhang D, Hu D. (2018). “Four-Generation Pedigree of Monozygotic Female Twins Reveals Genetic Factors in Twinning Process by Whole-Genome Sequencing.”. Twin Res Hum Genet. 21 (5): 361-368. PMID 18927071.
^ Corney G, Seedburgh D, Thompson B, Campbell DM, MacGillivray I, Timlin D (July 1979). “Maternal height and twinning”. Annals of Human Genetics 43 (1): 55-59. PMID 496394.
^ a b 『ふたごの話、五つ子の秘密』（武弘道, 1998年 ISBN 4-06-269017-9）
^ ⇒"Twins poser for fertility boffs" Archived 2008年12月16日, at the Wayback Machine. Science in Africa
^ Steinman G (May 2006). “Mechanisms of twinning: VII. Effect of diet and heredity on the human twinning rate”. The Journal of reproductive medicine 51 (5): 405-410. PMID 16779988.
^ Christina Verni (2006). Vegan Women Much Less Likely To Have Twins Than Women Who Eat Animal Products, Especially Diary. ⇒Nutrition / Diet News
^ Helen Pearson (2006). A diet of milk could bring twins. Nature News
^ Rolett A, Kiely JL (2000). Maternal sociodemographic characteristics as risk factors for preterm birth in twins versus singletons. 14. pp. 211-218. PMID 10949212.
^ 村越毅 (2007). 臨床婦人科産科 61 (8): 994-1001.
^ 泉章夫 (2005). “双胎妊娠と胎児異常”. 日産婦関東連会報 42: 59―60.
^ Miura K, Niikawa N (2005). “Do monochorionic dizygotic twins increase after pregnancy by assisted reproductive technology?”. Journal of human genetics 50 (1): 1-6. PMID 15599781.
^ Souter VL, Kapur RP, Nyholt DR, Skogerboe K, Myerson D, Ton CC, Opheim KE, Easterling TR, Shields LE, Montgomery GW, Glass IA. (2003). “Monochorionic dizygotic twins in a spontaneous pregnancy: a rare case report.”. N Engl J Med. 349 (2): 154-158. PMID 12853588.
^ 中村裕美清水久美子金子透子伊澤美彦田巻勇次野呂昌弘 (2005). “外性器の表現形が異なった一絨毛膜二羊膜性双胎”. 日産婦関東連会報 42: 75―78.
^ Parva M, Donnenfeld AE, Gerson A. (2009). “Trizygotic dichorionic triplets with 46,XX/46,XY chimerism in both fetuses of the monochorionic pair.”. Prenatal diagnosis 29 (11): 1091-3. PMID 19777529. https://jsog-k.jp/journal/lfx-journal_detail-id-17046.htm.
^ Ekelund CK, Skibsted L, Sogaard K, Main KM, Dziegiel MH, Schwartz M, Moeller N, Roos L, Tabor A. (2008). “Dizygotic monochorionic twin pregnancy conceived following intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment and complicated by twin-twin transfusion syndrome and blood chimerism”. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 32: 832-834. PMID 18956441.
^ Walker SP, Meagher S, White SM (2007). “Confined blood chimerism in monochorionic dizygous (MCDZ) twins.”. Prenatal diagnosis 27 (4): 369-372. PMID 17286316.
^ 「私、こんな子です☆マナ」 ⇒マナ☆カナのスマイルブログ
 ^ Nancy L. Segal (2011). “Zygosity Assessment by Self-Report; Research Reports; Human Interest”. Twin Research and Human Genetics 14 (1): 104-108.

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