双子
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^ 「一卵性双子の作出」 ⇒独立行政法人家畜改良センター Archived 2008年2月13日, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "BEHAVIORAL GENETICS 6th editon"(chap-13,table13-2) R.Plomin. et.al., Worth Publisher, 2013 ISBN 978-1-4292-4215-8
^ Hakon Jonsson, Erna Magnusdottir, Hannes P Eggertsson, Olafur A Stefansson, Gudny A Arnadottir, Ogmundur Eiriksson, Florian Zink, Einar A Helgason, Ingileif Jonsdottir, Arnaldur Gylfason, Adalbjorg Jonasdottir, Aslaug Jonasdottir, Doruk Beyter, Thora Steingrimsdottir, Gudmundur L Norddahl, Olafur Th Magnusson, Gisli Masson, Bjarni V Halldorsson, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir, Agnar Helgason, Patrick Sulem, Daniel F Gudbjartsson, Kari Stefansson (2021 January). “Differences between germline genomes of monozygotic twins.”. Nature Genetics 53 (1): 27-34. PMID 33414551. 
^ Freund J, Brandmaier AM, Lewejohann L, Kirste I, Kritzler M, Kruger A, Sachser N, Lindenberger U, Kempermann G. (2013). “Emergence of individuality in genetically identical mice.”. Science 340 (6133): 756-759. PMID 23661762. 
^ "Born Together-Reared Apart;the Landmark Minnesota twin study"(chap-13,pp.271) Nancy.L.Segal, Harvard University Press, 2012 ISBN 978-0-674-05546-9
^ 「遺伝子発現の確率性」 ⇒北海道大学 遺伝子病制御研究所 CRG バイオインフォマティクス Archived 2007年12月14日, at the Wayback Machine.
^ 先進の Face ID テクノロジーについて
^肌チェックで双子も見分ける──ニブンビジョンの顔認証ソフト
^ "Twin Matters Volume XIII" ⇒The Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry(Virginia Commonwealth University)
^ 加藤則子『すぐに役立つ双子・三つ子の保健指導BOOK』(診断と治療社、2005年 ISBN 4-7878-1400-1
^ Gedda L, Sciacca A, Brenci G, Villatico S, Bonanni G, Gueli N, Talone C (1984). “Situs viscerum specularis in monozygotic twins”. Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma) 33 (1): 81-5. PMID 6540028. 
^ P G Noone, D Bali, J L Carson, A Sannuti, C L Gipson, L E Ostrowski, P A Bromberg, R C Boucher, M R Knowles (1999). “Discordant organ laterality in monozygotic twins with primary ciliary dyskinesia”. Am J Med Genet. 82 (2). PMID 9934981. 
^ Golbin A, Golbin Y, Keith L, Keith D (1993). “Mirror imaging in twins: biological polarization--an evolving hypothesis.”. Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma) 42 (3-4): 237-243. PMID 7871940. 
^ Wachtel SS, Somkuti SG, Schinfeld JS (2001). “Monozygotic twins of opposite sex”. Cytogenetics and cell genetics 91 (1-4): 293-295. PMID 11173871. 
^ Japan Fetoscopy Group『一絨毛膜双胎 基本からUpdateまで』(メジカルビュー社、2007年 ISBN 978-4-7583-0539-6
^ Nicolas H. Zech Josef Wisser Giancarlo Natalucci Mariluce Riegel Alessandra Baumer Albert Schinzel (2008). “Monochorionic‐diamniotic twins discordant in gender from a naturally conceived pregnancy through postzygotic sex chromosome loss in a 47,XXY zygote.”. Prenatal Diagnosis 28 (8): 759-763. PMID 18567067. 
^ Nonomura K, Kakizaki H, Fukuzawa N, Fujieda K, Harada N, Niikawa N, Koyanagi T (2002-08). “Monozygotic twins with discordant sexual phenotypes due to different ratios of mosaicism of 47,X,idic (Y),idic (Y) /46,X, idic (Y) /45,X”. Endocrine journal 49 (4): 497-501. PMID 12402982. 
^ Fujimoto A, Boelter WD, Sparkes RS, Lin MS, Battersby K (1991-11-01). “Monozygotic twins of discordant sex both with 45,X/46,X,idic(Y) mosaicism”. American journal of medical genetics 41 (2): 239-45. PMID 1785642. 
^ Schmidt R, Sobel EH, Nitowsky HM, Dar H, Allen FH Jr (1976). “Monozygotic twins discordant for sex”. Journal of Medical Genetics 13 (1): 64-68. PMID 944787. 
^ Dallapiccola B, Stomeo C, Ferranti G, Di Lecce A, Purpura M (1985-02). “Discordant sex in one of three monozygotic triplets”. Journal of medical genetics 22 (1): 6-11. PMID 3856681. 
^ Nieuwint A, Van Zalen-Sprock R, Hummel P, Pals G, Van Vugt J, Van Der Harten H, Heins Y, Madan K. (1999). “'Identical' twins with discordant karyotypes”. Prenatal Diagnosis 19 (1): 72-6. PMID 10073913. 
^ Su PH, Chen JY, Chen SJ, Hung HM, Ting HC, Lin CY, Quek YW (2006). “45,X/46,XX mosaicism in a mother and one of her discordant monozygotic twin daughters: report of one case”. Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 47 (5): 252-4. PMID 17352314. 
^ Rohrer TR, Gassmann KF, Rauch A, Pfeiffer RA, Doerr HG. (2004-08). “Growth of heterokaryotic monozygotic twins discordant for Ullrich-Turner syndrome during the first years of life.”. American journal of medical genetics. 126A (1): 78-83. PMID 15039976. 
^ P B Kaplowitz, J Bodurtha, J Brown, J E Spence (1991-10). “Monozygotic twins discordant for Ullrich-Turner syndrome.”. American journal of medical genetics. 41 (1): 78-82. PMID 1951467. 
^ Jovanovic L, Landesman R, Saxena BB (1977). “Screening for twin pregnancy”. Science 198 (4318): 738. PMID 910156. 
^ Thiery M, Dhont M, Vandekerckhove D. (1977). “Serum HCG and HPL in twin pregnancies”. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 56 (5): 495-7. PMID 602721. 
^ Nancy L Segal (2017). Twin mythconseptions. 
^ Malinowski W, Waszy?ski E (October 2006). “Superfecundation in etiology of twin pregnancy”. Ginekologia polska 77 (10): 797-803. PMID 17219814. 
^ Bourgoin P, Marc J, Merger C, Delatte JN (1995). “Indisputable double paternity in dizygous twins”. Journal de gynecologie, obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction 24 (4): 440-3. PMID 9176461. 
^ James WH (April 1980). “Gestational age in twins”. Archives of disease in childhood 55 (4): 281-4. PMID 7191240. 
^ "One Twin's White, The Other's Black" ⇒ABC's Good Morning America
^[1][リンク切れ]
^ https://arbroath.blogspot.com/2009/01/couple-defy-odds-with-second-pair-of.html "Couple defy odds with second pair of black and white twins"
^ Girela E, Lorente JA, Alvarez JC, Rodrigo MD, Lorent M, Villaneuva E (1997). “Indisputable double paternity in dizygous twins”. Fertility and Sterility 67 (6): 1159-61. PMID 9176461. 
^ Wenk RE, Houtz T, Brooks M, Chiafari FA (1992). “How frequent is heteropaternal superfecundation?”. Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae 41 (1): 43-7. PMID 1488855. 
^ ICOMBO Facebook 2020年8月15日 International Council of Multiple Birth Organisations (ICOMBO)
^ Kris Bigalk. “ ⇒Rare Forms of Twinning”. bellaonline.com. 2007年3月22日閲覧。
^ "Zygosity Facts"The Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry(Virginia Commonwealth University)
^ Wenk RE, Houtz T, Brooks M, Chiafari FA (2007). “'Semi-identical' twins discovered”. News@Nature (26 March).  ⇒News@Nature 26 March 2007 Archived 2007年5月4日, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Souter VL, Parisi MA, Nyholt DR, Kapur RP, Henders AK, Opheim KE, Gunther DF, Mitchell ME, Glass IA, Montgomery GW (2007). “A case of true hermaphroditism reveals an unusual mechanism of twinning”. Human Genetics 121 (2): 179-85. PMID 17165045. 
^ 『双子&三つ子ママの妊娠・出産・育児』(Benesse、2006年 ISBN 978-4-8288-6259-0
^ 体外受精卵:子宮に戻す数、1個と正式に決定??産科婦人科学会 毎日新聞 2008年4月13日

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