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原子モデル

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^ Weisstein, Eric W.. “ ⇒Lavoisier, Antoine (1743-1794)”. scienceworld.wolfram.com. 2009年8月1日閲覧。
^ “Law of definite proportions 。chemistry” (英語). Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020年9月3日閲覧。
^ Dalton (1817). A New System of Chemical Philosophy vol. 2, p. 36
^ Dalton (1817). A New System of Chemical Philosophy vol. 2, p. 28
^ Dalton (1817). A New System of Chemical Philosophy vol. 2, p. 281
^ Dalton, John. " ⇒On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids", in Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. 1803. Retrieved on August 29, 2007.
^ Grossman, Mark I. (2021-01-02). “John Dalton's "Aha" Moment: the Origin of the Chemical Atomic Theory”. Ambix 68 (1): 49?71. doi:10.1080/00026980.2020.1868861. ISSN 0002-6980. PMID 33577439. https://doi.org/10.1080/00026980.2020.1868861.
^ “Thomas Thomson on Dalton's Atomic Hypothesis”. www.chemteam.info. 2021年2月20日閲覧。
^ Dalton, John (1808) (英語). A New System of Chemical Philosophy .... S. Russell. pp. 211?216. https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp7QAAAAMAAJ
^ Nicholson, William (1811) (英語). A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts. G. G. and J. Robinson. pp. 143?151. https://books.google.com/books?id=0Os3AQAAIAAJ&q=%E2%80%98Observations+on+Dr.+Bostock's+review+of+the+atomic+principles+of+chemistry%E2%80%99&pg=PA143
^ Johnson, Chris. “Avogadro - his contribution to chemistry”. ⇒オリジナルの2002年7月10日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20020710224229/http://www.bulldog.u-net.com/avogadro/avoga.html 2009年8月1日閲覧。
^ Alan J. Rocke (1984). Chemical Atomism in the Nineteenth Century. Columbus: Ohio State University Press
^ Avogadro, Amedeo (1811). ⇒“Essay on a Manner of Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies, and the Proportions in Which They Enter into These Compounds”. Journal de Physique 73: 58?76. ⇒http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/avogadro.html.
^ Einstein, A. (1905). ⇒“Uber die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Warme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flussigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen”. Annalen der Physik 322 (8): 549?560. Bibcode: 1905AnP...322..549E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053220806. hdl:10915/2785. ⇒http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/2785/Documento_completo__.pdf?sequence=1.
^ See:

Maxwell, J.C. (1860) "Illustrations of the dynamical theory of gases. Part I. On the motions and collisions of perfectly elastic spheres," Philosophical Magazine, 4th series, 19 : 19?32.

Maxwell, J.C. (1860) "Illustrations of the dynamical theory of gases. Part II. On the process of diffusion of two or more kinds of moving particles among one another," Philosophical Magazine, 4th series, 20 : 21?37.

^ ジョサイア・ウィラード・ギブズに関するWikipediaの記事を参照
 ^ Navarro, Luis. “Gibbs, Einstein and the Foundations of Statistical Mechanics.” Archive for History of Exact Sciences, vol. 53, no. 2, Springer, 1998, pp. 147?80, ⇒http://www.jstor.org/stable/41134058.
^ Stone, A. Douglas, Einstein and the quantum : the quest of the valiant Swabian, Princeton University Press, (2013). ISBN 978-0-691-13968-5 quoted from Folsing, Albert Einstein, 110.
^ Zeeman, P. (March 1897). “On the Influence of Magnetism on the Nature of the Light Emitted by Substance” (PDF). Phil. Mag.. series 5 43 (262): 226-239. doi:10.1080/14786449708620985. ISSN 1478-6435. LCCN 2003-249007. OCLC 476300855. https://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/history/KOL_archive/Communications/25_36/33a_Zeeman.pdf.
^ a b Zeeman, P. (1897). “Doublets and triplets in the spectrum produced by external magnetic forces”. Phil. Mag.. series 5 44 (266): 55-60. doi:10.1080/14786449708621028. ISSN 1478-6435. LCCN 2003-249007. OCLC 476300855.
^ Larmor, J. (1897). “On the Theory of the Magnetic Influence on Spectra; and on the Radiation from moving Ions”. Phil. Mag.. series 5 44 (271): 503-512. doi:10.1080/14786449708621095. ISSN 1478-6435. LCCN 2003-249007. OCLC 476300855.
^ Thomson, J. J. (1897). ⇒“Cathode rays” ([facsimile from Stephen Wright, Classical Scientific Papers, Physics (Mills and Boon, 1964)]). Philosophical Magazine 44 (269): 293. doi:10.1080/14786449708621070. ⇒http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/thomson1897.html.
^ WhittakerE. T.『A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. Vol 1』Nelson, London、1951年。
^ Thomson, J. J. (March 1904). “XXIV. On the Structure of the Atom: an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure [円軌道をえがく粒子系の磁気的性質]” (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. Series 6 7 (39): 237-265. doi:10.1080/14786440409463107. ISSN 1478-6435. LCCN 2003-249007. OCLC 476300855. ⇒オリジナルの2015年12月24日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20151224171323/http://www.if.ufrj.br/~crenato/FIW590_FisModB/Thomson%20PhilMag%20S6%20Vol%207%2C%20Issue%2039%2C%20pag%20237%20%281904%29.pdf.
^ Kumar, Manjit, Quantum Einstein and Bohr Great Debate, Icon Books, 2009
^ a b Heilbron (2003). Ernest Rutherford and the Explosion of Atoms, pp. 64-68
^ Geiger, Hans (27 August 1908). “On the scattering of the α-particles by matter [物体によるアルファ粒子の散乱について]”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 81 (546): 174-177. Bibcode: 1908RSPSA..81..174G. doi:10.1098/rspa.1908.0067. ISSN 1364-5021. LCCN 96-660116. OCLC 610206090. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1908.0067.
^ Geiger, Hans; Marsden, Ernest (31 July 1909). “On a diffuse reflection of the α-particles [アルファ粒子の拡散反射について]”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 82 (557): 495-500. Bibcode: 1909RSPSA..82..495G. doi:10.1098/rspa.1909.0054. ISSN 1364-5021. LCCN 96-660116. OCLC 610206090. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1909.0054.

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