•¹‡
[Wikipedia|¥Menu]
 ‹LŽ–‚ð“r’†‚©‚ç•\Ž¦‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·
[ʼn‚©‚ç•\Ž¦]

^ ‰Æ³Ž¡u‘˜Aƒiƒ~ƒrƒA—Ž–‰ï‚Ì‘Û“Ž¡vw_ŒËŠO‘å˜_‘px‘æ27Šª‘æ1†A_ŒËŽsŠO‘Œê‘åŠwŒ¤‹†ŠA1976”N6ŒŽA317•ÅA.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"u""v""w""x"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}CRID 1050001339096439680AISSN 02897954B 
^ gƒiƒ~ƒrƒA‹¤˜a‘h. ŠO–±È. 2024”N5ŒŽ7“ú‰{——B
^ ¢ŠE‘å•S‰ÈŽ–“T“àŒ¾‹y. gƒyƒbƒcƒ@ƒ‚(‚Ø‚Á‚‚Ÿ‚à)‚Æ‚ÍH ˆÓ–¡‚âŽg‚¢•ûh. ƒRƒgƒoƒ“ƒN. 2024”N5ŒŽ7“ú‰{——B
^ ‰ü’ùV”Å ¢ŠE‘å•S‰ÈŽ–“T. gƒ~ƒ…ƒ“ƒwƒ“‰ï’k(ƒ~ƒ…ƒ“ƒwƒ“ƒJƒCƒ_ƒ“)‚Æ‚ÍH ˆÓ–¡‚âŽg‚¢•ûh. ƒRƒgƒoƒ“ƒN. 2024”N5ŒŽ7“ú‰{——B
^ g‘æ“ñŽŸ¢ŠE‘åíFŽžŒn—ñh. encyclopedia.ushmm.org. 2024”N5ŒŽ7“ú‰{——B
^ ‰ü’ùV”Å,¢ŠE‘å•S‰ÈŽ–“T“àŒ¾‹y, ƒfƒWƒ^ƒ‹‘厫ò,¸‘I”Å “ú–{‘Œê‘厫“T,“ú–{‘å•S‰È‘S‘(ƒjƒbƒ|ƒjƒJ),‰ü’ùV”Å ¢ŠE‘å•S‰ÈŽ–“T,•S‰ÈŽ–“Tƒ}ƒCƒyƒfƒBƒA,ƒuƒŠƒ^ƒjƒJ‘Û‘å•S‰ÈŽ–“T ¬€–ÚŽ–“T,ŽRì ¢ŠEŽj¬Ž«“T. gƒrƒ‹ƒ}푈(ƒrƒ‹ƒ}ƒZƒ“ƒ\ƒE)‚Æ‚ÍH ˆÓ–¡‚âŽg‚¢•ûh. ƒRƒgƒoƒ“ƒN. 2024”N5ŒŽ7“ú‰{——B
^ ‰ü’ùV”Å,“ú–{‘å•S‰È‘S‘(ƒjƒbƒ|ƒjƒJ),¢ŠE‘å•S‰ÈŽ–“T“àŒ¾‹y, ƒfƒWƒ^ƒ‹‘厫ò,¸‘I”Å “ú–{‘Œê‘厫“T,‰ •¶ŽÐ¢ŠEŽjŽ–“T ŽO’ù”Å,ŽRì “ú–{Žj¬Ž«“T ‰ü’ùV”Å,ƒuƒŠƒ^ƒjƒJ‘Û‘å•S‰ÈŽ–“T ¬€–ÚŽ–“T,‰ü’ùV”Å ¢ŠE‘å•S‰ÈŽ–“T,•S‰ÈŽ–“Tƒ}ƒCƒyƒfƒBƒA,ŽRì ¢ŠEŽj¬Ž«“T. gƒrƒ‹ƒ}‚Æ‚ÍH ˆÓ–¡‚âŽg‚¢•ûh. ƒRƒgƒoƒ“ƒN. 2024”N5ŒŽ7“ú‰{——B

ŠÖ˜A€–Ú.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}ƒEƒBƒLƒƒfƒBƒAEƒRƒ‚ƒ“ƒY‚É‚ÍA•¹‡‚ÉŠÖ˜A‚·‚éƒJƒeƒSƒŠ‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·BƒEƒBƒNƒVƒ‡ƒiƒŠ[‚ÉŠÖ˜A‚ÌŽ«‘€–Ú‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B•¹‡

è—Ì

•ÛŒì‘

A–¯’n

‡•M

•Ò“ü

ŠO•”ƒŠƒ“ƒN

¢ŠE‘å•S‰ÈŽ–“T ‘æ‚Q”Åw•¹‡x - ƒRƒgƒoƒ“ƒN

w•¹‡[‘Û–@]x - ƒRƒgƒoƒ“ƒN



•\

˜b

•Ò

—ð
‘Û–@ã‚̗̈æ‚̋敪
—¤
—Ì“y

—̈æŽåŒ  - —̈挠Œ´(”­Œ© - æè - Š„÷ - •¹‡ - ŽžŒø - ª•ž) - —Ì—L - —Ì“y–â‘è - ‘‹« - ‘‹«•´‘ˆ
‘‰Æ—̈æŠO‚Ì—¤

–³Žå’n
ŠCE…ˆæ
—Ì…

“à…

˜p - —ðŽj“I˜p - ` - ƒ|[ƒgƒXƒe[ƒgƒRƒ“ƒgƒ[ƒ‹ - “àŠC - ‰Íì - ‰ÍŒû
—ÌŠC

Šîü - –³ŠQ’Êq - —ÌŠCN”Æ
ŒQ“‡…ˆæ

ŒQ“‡‘‰Æ - ŒQ“‡Šîü

‘‰Æ—̈æŠO‚ÌŠC

Ú‘±…ˆæ - ”r‘¼“IŒoÏ…ˆæ - ‘å—¤’I - ŒöŠC - –@“I[ŠC’ê - ‘Û…ˆæ
‹ó
—Ì‹ó

—Ì‹óN”Æ
‘‰Æ—̈æŠO‚Ì‹ó

–h‹óŽ¯•ÊŒ— - Œö‹ó
“ÁŽê‚ȗ̈æ

‹¤“¯ŽåŒ  - “ì‹É‘å—¤ - ’†—§’n‘Ñ

“T‹’ŠÇ—ƒf[ƒ^ƒx[ƒX
‘—§}‘ŠÙ

˃XƒyƒCƒ“

ƒtƒ‰ƒ“ƒX

BnF data

ƒhƒCƒc

˃CƒXƒ‰ƒGƒ‹

ƒAƒƒŠƒJ

ƒ`ƒFƒR

‚»‚Ì‘¼

IdRef

.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.90em;right:1em;display:none}

‚±‚Ì€–Ú‚ÍA­Ž¡‚ÉŠÖ˜A‚µ‚½‘‚«‚©‚¯‚Ì€–Ú‚Å‚·B‚±‚Ì€–Ú‚ð‰Á•ME’ù³‚È‚Ç‚µ‚Ä‚­‚¾‚³‚鋦—ÍŽÒ‚ð‹‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·iƒ|[ƒ^ƒ‹ ­Ž¡Šw/ƒEƒBƒLƒvƒƒWƒFƒNƒg ­Ž¡jB
.mw-parser-output .hlist ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist li,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt{margin-right:0;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:after{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist li:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:after{content:" E\a0 ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li:after{content:" |\a0 ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li:after{content:" -\a0 ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li:after{content:"A";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-slash dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-slash li:after{content:" /\a0 ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child:before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child:after{content:")\a0 ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li:before{content:" "counter(listitem)" ";white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child:before{content:" ("counter(listitem)" "}.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:75%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}

•\Ž¦

•ÒW


‹LŽ–‚ÌŒŸõ
‚¨‚Ü‚©‚¹ƒŠƒXƒg
¥ƒIƒvƒVƒ‡ƒ“‚ð•\Ž¦
ƒuƒbƒNƒ}[ƒN“o˜^
mixiƒ`ƒFƒbƒNI
Twitter‚É“Še
µÌß¼®Ý/Øݸˆê——
˜b‘è‚̃jƒ…[ƒX
—ñŽÔ‰^sî•ñ
‰É‚‚ԂµWikipedia

Size:32 KB
o“T: ƒtƒŠ[•S‰ÈŽ–“TwƒEƒBƒLƒyƒfƒBƒAiWikipediajx
’S“–:undef