二項展開
より、 ( x + y ) n + 1 = ( x + y ) ( x + y ) n = ( x + y ) ∑ k = 0 n ( n k ) x n − k y k = x ∑ k = 0 n ( n k ) x n − k y k + y ∑ k = 0 n ( n k ) x n − k y k = ∑ k = 0 n ( n k ) x ( n + 1 ) − k y k + ∑ k = 0 n ( n k ) x n − k y k + 1 = ∑ k = 0 n + 1 ( n k ) x ( n + 1 ) − k y k + ∑ k = 0 n + 1 ( n k − 1 ) x ( n + 1 ) − k y k ( ∵ ( n n + 1 ) = ( n − 1 ) = 0 ) = ∑ k = 0 n + 1 [ ( n k ) + ( n k − 1 ) ] x ( n + 1 ) − k y k {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}(x+y)^{n+1}&=(x+y)(x+y)^{n}\\&=(x+y)~\textstyle \sum \limits _{k=0}^{n}{\dbinom {n}{k}}x^{n-k}y^{k}\\&=x\textstyle \sum \limits _{k=0}^{n}{\dbinom {n}{k}}x^{n-k}y^{k}+y\textstyle \sum \limits _{k=0}^{n}{\dbinom {n}{k}}x^{n-k}y^{k}\\&=\textstyle \sum \limits _{k=0}^{n}{\dbinom {n}{k}}x^{(n+1)-k}y^{k}+\textstyle \sum \limits _{k=0}^{n}{\dbinom {n}{k}}x^{n-k}y^{k+1}\\&=\textstyle \sum \limits _{k=0}^{n+1}{\dbinom {n}{k}}x^{(n+1)-k}y^{k}+\textstyle \sum \limits _{k=0}^{n+1}{\dbinom {n}{k-1}}x^{(n+1)-k}y^{k}\\\left(\because {\binom {n}{n+1}}={\binom {n}{-1}}=0\right)\\&=\textstyle \sum \limits _{k=0}^{n+1}\left\lbrack {\dbinom {n}{k}}+{\dbinom {n}{k-1}}\right\rbrack x^{(n+1)-k}y^{k}\end{aligned}}}
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出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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