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中世前期

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脚注 ^ Leonardo Bruni, James Hankins, History of the Florentine people, Volume 1, Books 1?4, (2001), p. xvii.
^ a b 南雲泰輔「英米学界における「古代末期」研究の展開」西洋古代史研究 = Acta academiae antiquitatis Kiotoensis (2009), 9: 47-72,2009-12-01
^ Hopkins, Keith Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 B.C.-A.D. 400)
^ a b Berglund, B. E. (2003). ⇒“Human impact and climate changes?synchronous events and a causal link?” (PDF). Quaternary International 105: 7?12. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00144-1. ⇒http://www.geol.lu.se/personal/bnb/pdf-papers/human_impact.pdf.
^ Curry, Andrew, " ⇒Fall of Rome Recorded in Trees アーカイブ 2011年1月18日 - ウェイバックマシン", ScienceNOW, 13 January 2011.
^ Heather, Peter, 1998, The Goths, pp. 51-93
^ Eisenberg, Robert, " ⇒The Battle of Adrianople: A Reappraisal アーカイブ 2011年9月28日 - ウェイバックマシン", p. 112.
^ Gibbon, Edward, A History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776.
^ ⇒Excerpta Valesiana
^ McEvedy 1992, op. cit.
^ ⇒Roman Empire Population
^ Storey, Glenn R., " ⇒The population of ancient Rome アーカイブ 2011年5月1日 - ウェイバックマシン", Antiquity, December 1, 1997.
^ Hopkins DR (2002). The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in history. University of Chicago Press. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN 0-226-35168-8 Originally published as Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History (1983), ISBN 0-226-35177-7
^ ⇒How Smallpox Changed the World, By Heather Whipps, LiveScience, June 23, 2008
^ " ⇒Scientists Identify Genes Critical to Transmission of Bubonic Plague Archived 2007年10月7日, at the Wayback Machine.", News Release, National Institutes of Health, July 18, 1996.
⇒The History of the Bubonic Plague Archived 2008年4月15日, at the Wayback Machine..
^ ⇒An Empire's Epidemic.
^ ラヴェンナのサン・ヴィターレ聖堂の6世紀のモザイク
 ^ * Davis, Leo Donald. The first seven ecumenical councils (325?787): their history and theology (1990 ed.). Liturgical Press. ISBN 0-8146-5616-1 , p. 260.
^ City populations from ⇒Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census Archived 2008年2月11日, at the Wayback Machine. (1987, Edwin Mellon Press) by Tertius Chandler
^ ⇒http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9239
^ Kennedy, Hugh (1995). "The Muslims in Europe". In McKitterick, Rosamund, The New Cambridge Medieval History: c.500-c.700, pp. 249?272. Cambridge University Press. 052136292X.
^ Berglund, ibid.
^ Cini Castagnoli, G.C., Bonino, G., Taricco, C. and Bernasconi, S.M. 2002. ⇒"Solar radiation variability in the last 1400 years recorded in the carbon isotope ratio of a Mediterranean sea core" Archived 2006年10月9日, at the Wayback Machine., Advances in Space Research 29: 1989-1994.
^ tr. "Since, indeed, are many."
^ ⇒"English and Welsh are races apart", BBC.
^ The Maygars of Hungary
^ " ⇒No. 1318: Three-Field Rotation"
^ This surplus would allow the replacement of the ox by the horse after the introduction of the padded horse collar in the 12th century.
^ Islam eventually penetrated into Eastern Europe in the 920s when Volga Bulgaria exploited the decline of Khazar power in the region to adopt Islam from the Baghdad missionaries. The state religion of Khazaria, Judaism, disappeared as a political force with the fall of Khazaria, while Islam of Volga Bulgaria has survived in the region up to the present.
^ ⇒Exposition, Dedicated to Khan Tervel
^ ⇒НИМ представя изложбата "Кан ТервепB- спасителят на Европа"
^ ⇒Bulgaria at Sleedh Look encyclopedia Archived 2010年9月10日, at the Wayback Machine.
^ ⇒Кан ТервепB- спасителят на Византия и ЕВРОПА
^ Charles Freeman, The Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason, (London:William Heinemann., 2002), back cover.
^ Pierre Riche, Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century, (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Pr., 1976), pp. 100-129.
^ Pierre Riche, Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century, (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Pr., 1976), pp. 307-323).
^ en:William Stahl, Roman Science, (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr.) 1962, see esp. pp. 120-133.
^ Linda E. Voigts, "Anglo-Saxon Plant Remedies and the Anglo-Saxons," Isis, 70(1979):250-268; reprinted in M. H. Shank, ed., The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 2000).
^ Stephen C. McCluskey, "Gregory of Tours, Monastic Timekeeping, and Early Christian Attitudes to Astronomy," Isis, 81(1990):9-22; reprinted in M. H. Shank, ed., The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 2000).
^ Stephen C. McCluskey, Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe, (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1998), pp. 149-57.
^ Faith Wallis, "'Number Mystique' in Early Medieval Computus Texts," pp. 179-99 in T. Koetsier and L. Bergmans, eds. Mathematics and the Divine: A Historical Study, (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005).
^ Cantor, 1993 Europe in 1050 p 235.
^ ⇒http://www.irows.ucr.edu/research/citemp/estcit/estcit.htm

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