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^ a b 南雲泰輔「英米学界における「古代末期」研究の展開」西洋古代史研究 = Acta academiae antiquitatis Kiotoensis (2009), 9: 47-72,2009-12-01
^ Hopkins, Keith Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 B.C.-A.D. 400)
^ a b Berglund, B. E. (2003). ⇒“Human impact and climate changes?synchronous events and a causal link?” (PDF). Quaternary International 105: 7?12. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00144-1. ⇒http://www.geol.lu.se/personal/bnb/pdf-papers/human_impact.pdf.
^ Curry, Andrew, " ⇒Fall of Rome Recorded in Trees アーカイブ 2011年1月18日 - ウェイバックマシン", ScienceNOW, 13 January 2011.
^ Heather, Peter, 1998, The Goths, pp. 51-93
^ Eisenberg, Robert, " ⇒The Battle of Adrianople: A Reappraisal アーカイブ 2011年9月28日 - ウェイバックマシン", p. 112.
^ Gibbon, Edward, A History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776.
^ ⇒Excerpta Valesiana
^ McEvedy 1992, op. cit.
^ ⇒Roman Empire Population
^ Storey, Glenn R., " ⇒The population of ancient Rome アーカイブ 2011年5月1日 - ウェイバックマシン", Antiquity, December 1, 1997.
^ Hopkins DR (2002). The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in history. University of Chicago Press. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN 0-226-35168-8 Originally published as Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History (1983), ISBN 0-226-35177-7
^ ⇒How Smallpox Changed the World, By Heather Whipps, LiveScience, June 23, 2008
^ " ⇒Scientists Identify Genes Critical to Transmission of Bubonic Plague Archived 2007年10月7日, at the Wayback Machine.", News Release, National Institutes of Health, July 18, 1996.
⇒The History of the Bubonic Plague Archived 2008年4月15日, at the Wayback Machine..
^ ⇒An Empire's Epidemic.
^ ラヴェンナのサン・ヴィターレ聖堂の6世紀のモザイク
^ * Davis, Leo Donald. The first seven ecumenical councils (325?787): their history and theology (1990 ed.). Liturgical Press. ISBN 0-8146-5616-1 , p. 260.
^ City populations from ⇒Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census Archived 2008年2月11日, at the Wayback Machine. (1987, Edwin Mellon Press) by Tertius Chandler
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