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^ Van Riper (2014:123, 129)
^ Van Riper (2014:129)
^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:190)
^ Seabrook (2005)
^ a b Gross, Terry (January 24, 2005), ⇒“A Fake Newsman's Fake Newsman: Stephen Colbert”, Fresh Air (National Public Radio), ⇒http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4464017 2007年7月11日閲覧。
^ a b Safer, Morley (August 13, 2006), ⇒The Colbert Report: Morley Safer Profiles Comedy Central's 'Fake' Newsman, 60 Minutes, ⇒http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/04/27/60minutes/main1553506.shtml 2006年8月15日閲覧。
^ ⇒You Know What The Midwest Is?, ⇒http://www.thenewsburner.com/2011/10/20/you-know-what-the-midwest-is/
^ a b Plag, Ingo; Braun, Maria; Lappe, Sabine; Schramm, Mareile (2009). Introduction to English Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter. p. 53. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN 978-3-11-021550-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=bLvZHmGA8q4C 2013年7月4日閲覧。
^ ⇒The Phonetics of Dutch and English (5 ed.). Leiden/Boston: Brill Publishers. (2002). pp. 178. ⇒http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Collins_Phonetics_of_English_and_Dutch_pdf.pdf
^ Halle, Best & Levitt (1999:283) citing Delattre & Freeman (1968), Zawadzki & Kuehn (1980), and Boyce & Espy-Wilson (1997)
^ ⇒The Phonetics of Dutch and English (5 ed.). Leiden/Boston: Brill Publishers. (2002). pp. 181, 306. ⇒http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Collins_Phonetics_of_English_and_Dutch_pdf.pdf
^ Wolchover, Natalie (2012). " ⇒Why Do Americans and Brits Have Different Accents?" LiveScience. Purch.
^ Wells (1982a:247)
^ Grzegorz Dogil, Susanne Maria Reiterer, and Walter de Gruyter, ed (2009). Language Talent and Brain Activity: Trends in Applied Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. p. 299. ISBN 9783110215496. https://books.google.com/books?id=pfIGxRtdXsQC&pg=PA299
^ Jones, Roach & Hartman (2006:xi)
^ Rogers (2000:120?121)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Kortmann (2004:263, 264)
^ Labov et al. (2006:180)
^ Kortmann (2004:315, 340)
^ a b c d Wells (1982b:476)
^ Kortmann & Boberg (2004:154, 343, 361)
^ a b c Heggarty, Paul et al., ed (2015). ⇒Accents of English from Around the World - Sound Comparisons - Exploring phonetic diversity across language families. ⇒http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ 2016年9月24日閲覧。"Std US + ‘up-speak’"を参照。
^ Boberg, Charles (Spring 2001). "Phonological Status of Western New England." American Speech, Volume 76, Number 1. pp. 3-29 (Article). Duke University Press. p. 11: "The vowel /a/ is generally tensed and raised [...] only before nasals, a raising environment for most speakers of North American English."
^ Labov (2006:61)
^ Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). " ⇒Do you pronounce 'cot' and 'caught' the same?" The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
^ Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). " ⇒How do you pronounce Mary / merry / marry?" The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
^ Kortmann (2004:295)
^ Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). " ⇒flourish." The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
^ Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). " ⇒the first vowel in "miracle"." The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
^ a b c Wells (2008:XXV)
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