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ストア派

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^ a b Gnuse, Robert Karl (1 May 1997). No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel. Sheffield Academic Press. p. 225. ISBN 1-85075-657-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=pBSJNDndGjwC&pg=PA225
^ a b c d Brenk, Frederick (January 2016). “Pagan Monotheism and Pagan Cult”. "Theism" and Related Categories in the Study of Ancient Religions. SCS/AIA Annual Meeting. 75.4. Philadelphia: Society for Classical Studies (University of Pennsylvania). オリジナルの6 May 2017時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://classicalstudies.org/annual-meeting/147/abstract/pagan-monotheism-and-pagan-cult 2021年8月3日閲覧. "Historical authors generally refer to “the divine” (to theion) or “the supernatural” (to daimonion) rather than simply “God.” [...] The Stoics, believed in a God identifiable with the logos or hegemonikon (reason or leading principle) of the universe and downgraded the traditional gods, who even disappear during the conflagration (ekpyrosis). Yet, the Stoics apparently did not practice a cult to this God. Middle and Later Platonists, who spoke of a supreme God, in philosophical discourse, generally speak of this God, not the gods, as responsible for the creation and providence of the universe. They, too, however, do not seem to have directly practiced a religious cult to their God."
^ Epictetus, Discourses 1.15.2, Robin Hard revised translation.
^ a b Russell, Bertrand. A History of Western Philosophy, p. 254.
^ a b Russell, Bertrand. A History of Western Philosophy, p. 264.
^ Russell, Bertrand. A History of Western Philosophy, p. 253.
^ Charles Hartshorne and William Reese, "Philosophers Speak of God," Humanity Books, 1953 ch 4
^ Amos, H. (1982). These Were the Greeks. Chester Springs: Dufour Editions. ISBN 978-0-8023-1275-4. OCLC 9048254
^ Gilbert Murray, The Stoic Philosophy (1915), p.25. In Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy (1946).
^ Becker, Lawrence (2003). A History of Western Ethics. New York: Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-415-96825-6
^ A.A.Long, Hellenistic Philosophy, p.115.
^ ⇒[1] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Susanne Bobzien, Ancient Logic
^ ⇒[2] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Susanne Bobzien, Ancient Logic
^ Diogenes Laertius (2000). Lives of eminent philosophers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press VII.49
^ Seneca, Epistles, lxv. 2.
^ Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, iv. 21.
^ Zeller 1931, p. 274.
^ Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity, Edited by Polymnia Athanassiadi, Michael Frede, CLARENDON PRESS ? OXFORD(1999), p. 8. "One way of justifying to themselves and to others their attachment to specific gods was to proclaim that what was really being worshipped under various names and historically sanctioned forms of cult was the one ineffable principle of all things. Unambiguously professed in a sentence like the following: ‘God being one, has many names’,12 this belief permeates Greek religious theory. The Stoic Cleanthes can thus address a fervent hymn to Zeus as a god with a definite historical personality, in which we encounter a monistic view of divinity.13 Indeed this may be the reason why this pagan prayer was selected by Stobaeus, along with a similar Orphic hymn to Zeus, for the anthology that he compiled for his son’s use and education"
^ Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity, Edited by Polymnia Athanassiadi, Michael Frede, CLARENDON PRESS ? OXFORD(1999), p. 19. "Platonists and Aristotelians defined God as absolutely immaterial and therefore transcending the world of the senses, while the Stoics taught that, though incorporeal, God displays a form of materiality, but of a very subtle and literally ethereal nature, and likened him to intelligible light or fire. Yet, as is argued in the second chapter of this volume, both had a monotheistic view, and the Christians, who drew on Greek philosophy for the formulation of their own theology, recognized this. Of the two views on offer orthodox Christianity opted for the first, without however being able to reject the Stoic position altogether, as Tertullian’s rhetorical question testifies: ‘for who will deny that God is a body, though he is a spirit?’48 This ambiguity is even more clearly present in pagan theological literature, which combines belief in a transcendental God with the worship of the Sun seen as the representation of God in this world."

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