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出典^ McGrath JA; Eady RAJ; Pope FM. (2004). ⇒“Anatomy and Organization of Human Skin”. In Burns T; Breathnach S; Cox N et al.. Rook's Textbook of Dermatology (7th ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 4190. doi:10.1002/9780470750520.ch3. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN 978-0-632-06429-8. ⇒http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/summary/117905360/SUMMARY 2010年6月1日閲覧。
^ Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders. (December 2005). pp. 5?6. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6. ⇒オリジナルの2010-10-11時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20101011093705/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/706939/description 2010年6月1日閲覧。
^ Murphy, Kenneth (Kenneth M.) (2017). Janeway's immunobiology. Weaver, Casey (Ninth ed.). New York, NY, USA. p. 112. ISBN 9780815345053. OCLC 933586700
^ Gilbert, Scott F. (2000). “The Epidermis and the Origin of Cutaneous Structures.”. Developmental Biology.. Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0878932436. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10037/. "Throughout life, the dead keratinized cells of the cornified layer are shed (humans lose about 1.5 grams of these cells each day*) and are replaced by new cells, the source of which is the mitotic cells of the Malpighian layer. Pigment cells (melanocytes) from the neural crest also reside in the Malpighian layer, where they transfer their pigment sacs (melanosomes) to the developing keratinocytes."
^ “A keratinocyte's course of life”. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 20 (3): 122?32. (2007). doi:10.1159/000098163. PMID 17191035.
^ “Multiple classes of stem cells in cutaneous epithelium: a lineage analysis of adult mouse skin”. The EMBO Journal 20 (6): 1215?22. (March 2001). doi:10.1093/emboj/20.6.1215. PMC 145528. PMID 11250888. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC145528/.
^ Koster MI (July 2009). “Making an epidermis”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1170 (1): 7?10. Bibcode: 2009NYASA1170....7K. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04363.x. PMC 2861991. PMID 19686098. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861991/.
^ Halprin KM (January 1972). “Epidermal "turnover time"--a re-examination”. The British Journal of Dermatology 86 (1): 14?9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1972.tb01886.x. PMID 4551262.
^ “Measurement of the transit time for cells through the epidermis and stratum corneum of the mouse and guinea-pig”. Cell and Tissue Kinetics 20 (5): 461?72. (September 1987). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2184.1987.tb01355.x. PMID 3450396.
^ “The skin: an indispensable barrier”. Experimental Dermatology 17 (12): 1063?72. (December 2008). doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00786.x. PMID 19043850.
^ “Intracellular calcium alterations in response to increased external calcium in normal and neoplastic keratinocytes”. Carcinogenesis 10 (4): 777?80. (April 1989). doi:10.1093/carcin/10.4.777. PMID 2702726.
^ “Role of intracellular-free calcium in the cornified envelope formation of keratinocytes: differences in the mode of action of extracellular calcium and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3”. Journal of Cellular Physiology 146 (1): 94?100. (January 1991). doi:10.1002/jcp.1041460113. PMID 1990023.
^ Reiss, M; Lipsey, LR; Zhou, ZL (1991). “Extracellular calcium-dependent regulation of transmembrane calcium fluxes in murine keratinocytes”. Journal of Cellular Physiology 147 (2): 281?91. doi:10.1002/jcp.1041470213. PMID 1645742.
^ Mauro, TM; Pappone, PA; Isseroff, RR (1990). “Extracellular calcium affects the membrane currents of cultured human keratinocytes”. Journal of Cellular Physiology 143 (1): 13?20. doi:10.1002/jcp.1041430103. PMID 1690740.
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