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クリスマス

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^ “Christmas Strongly Religious For Half in U.S. Who Celebrate It”. Gallup, Inc. (2010年12月24日). 2012年12月7日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年12月16日閲覧。
^ ⇒Canadian Heritage ? Public holidays Archived November 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. ? Government of Canada.
^ 2009 Federal Holidays Archived January 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. ? U.S. Office of Personnel Management.
^ ⇒Bank holidays and British Summer time Archived May 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. ? HM Government.
^ Ehorn, Lee Ellen; Hewlett, Shirely J.; Hewlett, Dale M. (September 1, 1995). December Holiday Customs. Lorenz Educational Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4291-0896-6
^ Nick Hytrek, "Non-Christians focus on secular side of Christmas" Archived November 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine., Sioux City Journal, November 10, 2009.
^ Crump, William D. (September 15, 2001). The Christmas Encyclopedia (3 ed.). McFarland. p. 39. ISBN 9780786468270. https://archive.org/details/christmasencyclo00will. "Christians believe that a number of passages in the Bible are prophecies about future events in the life of the promised Messiah or Jesus Christ. Most, but not all, of those prophecies are found in the Old Testament ... Born in Bethlehem ( ⇒Micah 5:2): "But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, though thou be little among the thousands of Juda, yet out of thee shall he come forth unto me that is to be ruler in Israel; whose goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting.""
^ Tucker, Ruth A. (2011). Parade of Faith: A Biographical History of the Christian Church. Zondervan. p. 23. ISBN 9780310206385. "According to gospel accounts, Jesus was born during the reign of Herod the Great, thus sometime before 4 BCE. The birth narrative in Luke's gospel is one of the most familiar passages in the Bible. Leaving their hometown of Nazareth, Mary and Joseph travel to Bethlehem to pay taxes. Arriving late, they find no vacancy at the inn. They are, however, offered a stable, most likely a second room attached to a family dwelling where animals were sheltered?a room that would offer some privacy from the main family room for cooking, eating, and sleeping. This "city of David" is the little town of Bethlehem of Christmas-carol fame, a starlit silhouette indelibly etched on Christmas cards. No sooner was the baby born than angels announced the news to shepherds who spread the word."
^ Corinna Laughlin, Michael R. Prendergast, Robert C. Rabe, Corinna Laughlin, Jill Maria Murdy, Therese Brown, Mary Patricia Storms, Ann E. Degenhard, Jill Maria Murdy, Ann E. Degenhard, Therese Brown, Robert C. Rabe, Mary Patricia Storms, Michael R. Prendergast, Sourcebook for Sundays, Seasons, and Weekdays 2011: The Almanac for Pastoral Liturgy Archived April 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine., LiturgyTrainingPublications, 2010, p. 29.
^ "The Chronography of 354 AD.
^ Roll, Susan K. (1995). Toward the Origins of Christmas. Peeters Publishers. p. 133. ISBN 9789039005316. https://books.google.com/books?id=6MXPEMbpjoAC&pg=PA133
^ Bradt, Hale, Astronomy Methods, (2004), p. 69.
^ The Liturgical Year. Thomas Nelson. (November 3, 2009). ISBN 978-1-4185-8073-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=inhMGc5732kC&q=date+of+christmas+important&pg=PT40 2009年4月2日閲覧. "Christmas is not really about the celebration of a birth date at all. It is about the celebration of a birth. The fact of the date and the fact of the birth are two different things. The calendrical verification of the feast itself is not really that important ... What is important to the understanding of a life-changing moment is that it happened, not necessarily where or when it happened. The message is clear: Christmas is not about marking the actual birth date of Jesus. It is about the Incarnation of the One who became like us in all things but sin (Hebrews 4:15) and who humbled Himself "to the point of death-even death on a cross" (Phil. 2:8). Christmas is a pinnacle feast, yes, but it is not the beginning of the liturgical year. It is a memorial, a remembrance, of the birth of Jesus, not really a celebration of the day itself. We remember that because the Jesus of history was born, the Resurrection of the Christ of faith could happen."
^ “The Christmas Season”. CRI / Voice, Institute. 2009年4月7日時点の ⇒オリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年4月2日閲覧。 “The origins of the celebrations of Christmas and Epiphany, as well as the dates on which they are observed, are rooted deeply in the history of the early church. There has been much scholarly debate concerning the exact time of the year when Jesus was born, and even in what year he was born. Actually, we do not know either. The best estimate is that Jesus was probably born in the springtime, somewhere between the years of 6 and 4 BC, as December is in the middle of the cold rainy season in Bethlehem, when the sheep are kept inside and not on pasture as told in the Bible. The lack of a consistent system of timekeeping in the first century, mistakes in later calendars and calculations, and lack of historical details to cross-reference events have led to this imprecision in fixing Jesus' birth. This suggests that the Christmas celebration is not an observance of a historical date, but a commemoration of the event in terms of worship.”
^ The School Journal, Volume 49. Harvard University. (1894). https://books.google.com/books?id=x_kBAAAAYAAJ&q=date+of+christmas+unimportant&pg=PA469 2009年4月2日閲覧. "Throughout the Christian world the 25th of December is celebrated as the birthday of Jesus Christ. There was a time when the churches were not united regarding the date of the joyous event. Many Christians kept their Christmas in April, others in May, and still others at the close of September, till finally December 25 was agreed upon as the most appropriate date. The choice of that day was, of course, wholly arbitrary, for neither the exact date not the period of the year at which the birth of Christ occurred is known. For purposes of commemoration, however, it is unimportant whether the celebration shall fall or not at the precise anniversary of the joyous event."
^ West's Federal Supplement. West Publishing Company. (1990). "While the Washington and King birthdays are exclusively secular holidays, Christmas has both secular and religious aspects."
^ “Poll: In a changing nation, Santa endures”. Associated Press. (2006年12月22日). オリジナルの2018年12月26日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20181226063645/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16329025/ns/us_news-life/t/poll-changing-nation-santa-endures/ 2018年12月24日閲覧。
^ 八木谷涼子『キリスト教の歳時記 - 知っておきたい教会の文化』講談社、2016年12月9日、47頁。ISBN 978-4-06-292404-7。"イエスがいつ生まれたかを正確に特定できる記録は一切残っておらず、したがって、ナザレのイエスが実際にこの日に生まれた、と主張するクリスチャンは（子供を除いては）存在しない。あくまで12月25日は、イエスの誕生を記念する日なのである。"。
^ 正教会の出典：正教会の復活祭 2003年復活祭フォトレポート（名古屋ハリストス正教会（アーカイブ））
^ カトリック教会の出典：四旬節断食（大斎・小斎）カーニバル（カトリック中央協議会）
^ 聖公会の出典： ⇒復活祭を迎える（日本聖公会東京教区主教植田仁太郎）
^ プロテスタントの出典：『キリスト教大事典』910頁、教文館、1973年9月30日改訂新版第二版
 ^ クリスマスってどういう日？チコちゃんに叱られる！、木村正裕による説明、NHK、2018年12月21日放送[信頼性要検証]
^ Michael Stevenson (2004年12月16日). “ ⇒Expose'; Ten Facts About the Christmas Holiday”. Salvation Station. 3. Christmas Instituted by The Council of Nicea in 325AD. 2021年9月24日閲覧。 “In 325 A.D. Emperor Constantine called together the Council of Nicea which was in essence the first council of the Roman Catholic church. At this council meeting, it was decided that December 25th, the well-known pagan holiday dedicated to Mithras the Persian Sun-god, would be re-dedicated to the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ.”（英語）
^ a b Elon Gilad (2021年12月5日). “The Real Story of Christmas: From Sun-worship to Sinterklaas”. Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/the-real-story-of-christmas-1.5303185 2021年12月7日閲覧。

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