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^ Needham, R.M., Wilkes, M. V. ⇒Domains of protection and the management of processes, Computer Journal, vol. 17, no. 2, May 1974, pp 117?120.
^ a b c Silberschatz 1991
^ ⇒http://www.answers.com/topic/operating-system
^ Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2008). Modern Operating Systems (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 50?51. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN 0-13-600663-9. ". . . nearly all system calls [are] invoked from C programs by calling a library procedure . . . The library procedure . . . executes a TRAP instruction to switch from user mode to kernel mode and start execution . . ."
^ Denning 1976
^ Swift 2005, p. 29 quote: "isolation, resource control, decision verification (checking), and error recovery."
^ Schroeder 1972
^ a b Linden 1976
^ Stephane Eranian and David Mosberger, ⇒Virtual Memory in the IA-64 Linux Kernel, Prentice Hall PTR, 2002
^ Silberschatz 1993, pp. 445, 446
^ Hoch, Charles; J. C. Browne (University of Texas, Austin) (July 1980). ⇒“An implementation of capabilities on the PDP-11/45” (PDF). ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review 14 (3): 22?32. doi:10.1145/850697.850701. ⇒http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=850701&dl=acm&coll=&CFID=15151515&CFTOKEN=6184618 2007年1月7日閲覧。.
^ a b ⇒A Language-Based Approach to Security, Schneider F., Morrissett G. (Cornell University) and Harper R. (Carnegie Mellon University)
^ a b c P. A. Loscocco, S. D. Smalley, P. A. Muckelbauer, R. C. Taylor, S. J. Turner, and J. F. Farrell. ⇒The Inevitability of Failure: The Flawed Assumption of Security in Modern Computing Environments. In Proceedings of the 21st National Information Systems Security Conference, pages 303?314, Oct. 1998.
^ J. Lepreau et al. ⇒The Persistent Relevance of the Local Operating System to Global Applications. Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGOPS European workshop, 1996.
^ J. Anderson, ⇒Computer Security Technology Planning Study, Air Force Elect. Systems Div., ESD-TR-73-51, October 1972.
^ Jerry H. Saltzer, Mike D. Schroeder (September 1975). ⇒“The protection of information in computer systems”. Proceedings of the IEEE 63 (9): 1278?1308. doi:10.1109/PROC.1975.9939. ⇒http://web.mit.edu/Saltzer/www/publications/protection/.
^ Jonathan S. Shapiro; Jonathan M. Smith; David J. Farber (1999). ⇒“EROS: a fast capability system”. Proceedings of the seventeenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles 33 (5): 170?185. doi:10.1145/319344.319163. ⇒http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=319151.319163.
^ Dijkstra, E. W. Cooperating Sequential Processes. Math. Dep., Technological U., Eindhoven, Sept. 1965.
^ a b c d e f Hansen 1970, pp. 238?241
^ “ ⇒SHARER, a time sharing system for the CDC 6600”. 2007年1月7日閲覧。
^ “ ⇒Dynamic Supervisors ? their design and construction”. 2007年1月7日閲覧。
^ Baiardi 1988
^ a b Levin 1975
^ Denning 1980
^ Jurgen Nehmer ⇒The Immortality of Operating Systems, or: Is Research in Operating Systems still Justified? Lecture Notes In Computer Science; Vol. 563. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Operating Systems of the 90s and Beyond. pp. 77?83 (1991) ISBN 3-540-54987-0 ⇒[1] quote: "The past 25 years have shown that research on operating system architecture had a minor effect on existing main stream systems." ⇒[2]
^ Levy 1984, p. 1 quote: "Although the complexity of computer applications increases yearly, the underlying hardware architecture for applications has remained unchanged for decades."
^ a b c Levy 1984, p. 1 quote: "Conventional architectures support a single privileged mode ofoperation. This structure leads to monolithic design; any module needing protection must be part of the single operating system kernel. If, instead, any module could execute within a protected domain, systems could be built as a collection of independent modules extensible by any user."
^ ⇒Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution
^ ⇒Linus vs. Tanenbaum や LINUX is obsolete - comp.os.minix や ⇒Appendix A The Tanenbaum-Torvalds Debate に議論の記録がある
^ a b Matthew Russell. “ ⇒What Is Darwin (and How It Powers Mac OS X)”. O'Reilly Media. 2012年9月30日閲覧。 quote: "The tightly coupled nature of a monolithic kernel allows it to make very efficient use of the underlying hardware [...] Microkernels, on the other hand, run a lot more of the core processes in userland. [...] Unfortunately, these benefits come at the cost of the microkernel having to pass a lot of information in and out of the kernel space through a process known as a context switch. Context switches introduce considerable overhead and therefore result in a performance penalty."

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