オーク_(トールキン)
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^ a b 忍足欣四郎 訳『ベーオウルフ』岩波書店〈岩波文庫 赤275-1〉、1990年、第1詩節、第104?112行。
^ a b Chance, Jane (2016). “Tolkien's 'Beowulf' Teaching Translation”. In Anderson, Douglas Allen. Tolkien, Self and Other: "This Queer Creature". Springer. p. 194. ISBN 9781137398963. "Tolkien apparently did not want to translate 'ylfe' as elves, similarly cursed, beings over whom he may have felt proprietorial given his Silmarillion mythology"
^ a b 岡本訳 (2017)『トールキンのベーオウルフ物語《注釈版》』180頁。
^ Bratman, David (2006), Hammond, Wayne G.; Scull, Christina, eds., “The Artistry of Omissions and Revisions in The Lord of the Rings”, The Lord of the Rings, 1954-2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder (Marquette University Press): p. 125, ISBN 9780874620184, https://books.google.com/books?id=pIVlAAAAMAAJ&q=%22ork%22
^ a b Honegger, Thomas (2011), Fisher, Jason, ed., “The Rohirrim: ’Anglo-Saxons on Horseback'? An Inquiry into Tolkien's Use of Sources”, Tolkien and the Study of His Sources: Critical Essa (McFarland): p. 120, ISBN 9780786487288, https://books.google.com/books?id=98VQ3gHsVsMC&pg=PA120
^ 「ホビット庄の言語（language of the shire)」もまた西方語（Westron）[22]の方言。
^ 高橋勇「『指輪物語』をめぐる七つの問題」『ユリイカ』第34巻第6号、2002年4月、96?97頁。
^ a b c d e Tolkien, J. R. R. (2001). “Appendix F. Orcs and Black Speech.”. The Lord of the Rings III: The Return of the King. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 409. ISBN 9780618154005. https://books.google.com/books?id=L0AqAQAAIAAJ&q=orcs
^ 瀬田訳 (1977)『二つの塔』上、第3章「ウルク＝ハイ」pp. 73?74
^ Orcs and Black Tongue. Orc is the form of the name that other races had for this foul people as it was in the language of Rohan..[25]
^ a b Widdicombe (2019), p. 63.
^ a b Frank (1997), p. 24に書簡#144を引用。
^ a b Tolkien (1994d), The History of Middle-earth, Appendix III. apud Widdicombe (2019), p. 77.
^ Weiner, E. S. C.; Marshall, Jeremy (2011). Adams, Michael. ed. Tolkien's Invented Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 85. ISBN 9780191631603. https://books.google.com/books?id=fiGQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85
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