オーク_(トールキン)
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^ a b 岡本訳 (2017)『トールキンのベーオウルフ物語《注釈版》』180頁。
^ Bratman, David (2006), Hammond, Wayne G.; Scull, Christina, eds., “The Artistry of Omissions and Revisions in The Lord of the Rings”, The Lord of the Rings, 1954-2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder (Marquette University Press): p. 125, ISBN 9780874620184, https://books.google.com/books?id=pIVlAAAAMAAJ&q=%22ork%22
^ a b Honegger, Thomas (2011), Fisher, Jason, ed., “The Rohirrim: ’Anglo-Saxons on Horseback'? An Inquiry into Tolkien's Use of Sources”, Tolkien and the Study of His Sources: Critical Essa (McFarland): p. 120, ISBN 9780786487288, https://books.google.com/books?id=98VQ3gHsVsMC&pg=PA120
^ 「ホビット庄の言語（language of the shire)」もまた西方語（Westron）[22]の方言。
^ 高橋勇「『指輪物語』をめぐる七つの問題」『ユリイカ』第34巻第6号、2002年4月、96?97頁。
^ a b c d e Tolkien, J. R. R. (2001). “Appendix F. Orcs and Black Speech.”. The Lord of the Rings III: The Return of the King. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 409. ISBN 9780618154005. https://books.google.com/books?id=L0AqAQAAIAAJ&q=orcs
^ 瀬田訳 (1977)『二つの塔』上、第3章「ウルク＝ハイ」pp. 73?74
^ Orcs and Black Tongue. Orc is the form of the name that other races had for this foul people as it was in the language of Rohan..[25]
^ a b Widdicombe (2019), p. 63.
^ a b Frank (1997), p. 24に書簡#144を引用。
^ a b Tolkien (1994d), The History of Middle-earth, Appendix III. apud Widdicombe (2019), p. 77.
^ Weiner, E. S. C.; Marshall, Jeremy (2011). Adams, Michael. ed. Tolkien's Invented Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 85. ISBN 9780191631603. https://books.google.com/books?id=fiGQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85
^ Weiner&Marshall (2011), p. 85.[31]。同書簡（#144）が引用される。
^ a b c d Drout, Michael D. C. [in 英語] (2007). "Biology of Middle -Earth". J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 9780415969420。
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