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^ The M13/40s and M14/41s were not (initially) obsolete when they entered service in late 1940/1941. Their operators (in the form of the Ariete and Littoro divisions) met with much unaccredited success. Yet they became obsolescent as the war progressed. It was necessary to maintain production and they suffered unduly as a result of the Italian’s inability to produce a suitable successor in time and in numbers.[46][47][48]
^ In light of the economic difficulties it was proposed, in 1933, by Marshal Italo Balbo to limit the number of divisions to 20 and ensure that each was fully mobile for ready response, equipped with the latest weaponry and trained for amphibious warfare. The proposal was rejected by Mussolini (and senior figures) who wanted large numbers of divisions to intimidate opponents.[52]。To maintain the number of divisions, each became binary, consisting of only 2 regiments, and therefore equating to a British brigade in size. Even then, they would often be thrown into battle with an under strength complement.
出典^ John Keegan, A History of Warfare, Alfred A. Knopf (New York 1993) [ISBN 0-394-58801-0], p.263; David Potter, "The Roman Army and Navy," in Harriet I. Flower, editor, The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge U.K. 2004) [ISBN 0-521-00390-3], pp. 67-69. For a discussion of hoplite tactics and their sociocultural setting, see Victor Davis Hanson, The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece, Alfred A. Knopf (New York 1989) [ISBN 0-394-57188-6].
^ Keegan, p. 264; Potter, pp. 69-70.
^ Keegan, p.264; Adrian Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War 100 BC ? CE200, Oxford University Press (Oxford 1996) [ISBN 0-19-815057-1], p. 33; Jo-Ann Shelton, ed., As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History, Oxford University Press (New York 1998)[ISBN 0-19-508974-X], pp. 245-249.
^ Goldsworthy, The Roman Army, pp. 22-24, 37-38; Adrian Goldsworthy, Caesar: Life of a Colossus, Yale University Press (New Haven 2006) [ISBN 0300120486, ISBN 978-0-300-12048-6], pp. 384, 410-411, 425-427. Another important factor discussed by Goldsworthy was absence of legionaries on detached duty.
^ Goldsworthy, Caesar, pp. 391.
^ Between 343 BC and 241 BC, the Roman army fought every year except for five. Stephen P. Oakley, "The Early Republic," in Harriet I. Flower, editor, The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge U.K. 2004) [ISBN 0-521-00390-3], p. 27.
^ P. A. Brunt, "Army and Land in the Roman Republic," in The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays, Oxford University Press (Oxford 1988) [ISBN 0-19-814849-6], p.253; William V. Harris, War and Imperialism in Republican Rome 327-70 BC, Oxford University Press (Oxford 1979) [ISBN 0-19-814866-6], p. 44.
^ Keegan, pp. 273-274; Brunt, pp. 253-259; Harris, pp. 44-50.
^ Keegan, p. 264; Brunt, pp. 259-265; Potter, pp. 80-83.
^ Karl Christ, The Romans, University of California Press (Berkeley, 1984)[ISBN 0-520-04566-1], pp. 74-76 .
^ Christopher S. Mackay, Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge, U.K. 2004), pp. 249-250. Mackay points out that the number of legions (not necessarily the number of legionaries) grew to 30 by 125 AD and 33 during the Severan period (200?235 AD).
^ Goldsworthy, ‘’The Roman Army’’, p.36-37.
^ Hugh Elton, Warfare in Roman Europe AD 350-425, Oxford University Press (Oxford 1996)[ISBN 0-19-815241-8] pp. 89-96.
^ T. Correy Brennan, "Power and Process Under the Republican 'Constitution'," in Harriet I. Flower, editor, The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge U.K. 2004) [ISBN 0-521-00390-3], Chapter 2; Potter, pp. 66-88; Goldsworthy, The Roman Army, pp. 121-125. Julius Caesar's most talented, effective and reliable subordinate in Gaul, Titus Labienus, was recommended to him by Pompey. Goldsworthy, The Roman Army, p. 124.
^ Mackay, pp. 245-252.
^ MacKay, pp. 295-296 and Chapters 23-24.
^ This paragraph is based upon Potter, pp. 76-78.
^ This discussion is based upon Elton, pp. 97-99 and 100-101.
^ Guicciardini, History of Italy, 196?197; Norwich, History of Venice, 394?395.
^ Norwich, History of Venice, 399?415; Taylor, Art of War, 119.
^ Guicciardini, History of Italy, 216?227; Norwich, History of Venice, 417.
^ Norwich, History of Venice, 422?425; Oman, Art of War, 152.
^ Guicciardini, History of Italy, 280?290; Norwich, History of Venice, 429?432; Oman, Art of War, 153?154; Taylor, Art of War, 67, 123.
^ Arfaioli, Black Bands, 10?11; Guicciardini, History of Italy, 335; Norwich, History of Venice, 439; Oman, Art of War, 176?186; Taylor, Art of War, 51.
^ Smith, Italy: A Modern History, 447.
^ Smith, Italy: A Modern History, 466.
^ Walker (2003), p.19
^ Steinberg (1990), pp.189,191
^ Walker (2003) p.12
^ Bauer (2000), p.231
^ Walker (2003), p.26
^ Beevor (2006) pp.45,47,88-89,148,152,167,222-4,247,322-6,360,405-6,415
^ a b Walker (2003), p.17
^ Bonner and Wiggin (2006), p84
^ a b Bierman & Smith (2002), pp.13-14
^ Eden & Moeng (Eds.) (2002), pp.680-681
^ Walker (2003) p.22
^ Sadkovich (1991) p.290-91; and references therein
^ Walker (2003) p.30-53
^ a b Sadkovich (1991) pp.287-291
^ Steinberg (1990), pp.189
^ a b Bauer (2000), p.146
^ Eden & Moeng (Eds.) (2002), pp.684-685,930,1061
^ Bauer (2000), p.96,493
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