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^ 日高ら(1990)、p.6-7、1.イスタンブールへようこそ、- イスタンブールに魅せられて
^ a b c WCTR Society; Un?yu Seisaku Kenky? Kik? 2004, p. 281
^ a b c 井上(1990)、p.56-58、2-「新しいローマ」の登場、憧れの都コンスタンティノープル
^ Celik 1993, p. xv
^ a b Masters & Agoston 2009, pp. 114?5
^ Dumper & Stanley 2007, p. 320
^ a b Turan 2010, p. 224
^ a b c “ ⇒Population and Demographic Structure”. Istanbul 2010: European Capital of Culture. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (2008年). 2012年3月27日閲覧。
^ a b Weiner, Miriam B. “ ⇒World's Most Visited Cities”. U.S. News & World Report. 2012年5月21日閲覧。
^ “ ⇒The World According to GaWC 2010”. Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network. Loughborough University. 2012年5月8日閲覧。
^ a b c d e “ ⇒OECD Territorial Reviews: Istanbul, Turkey”. Policy Briefs. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2008年3月). 2012年8月20日閲覧。
^ Global Cities 2017 AT Kearney 2017年公表 2017年8月4日閲覧。
^ a b “ ⇒IOC selects three cities as Candidates for the 2020 Olympic Games”. The International Olympic Committee (2012年5月24日). 2012年6月18日閲覧。
^ 日高ら(1990)、p.7-9、1.イスタンブールへようこそ、- 雑踏の中で
^ Herodotus Histories 4.144, translated in De Selincourt 2003, p. 288
^ a b Isaac 1986, p. 199
^ Roebuck 1959, p. 119, also as mentioned in Isaac 1986, p. 199
^ Lister 1979, p. 35
^ a b Freely 1996, p. 10
^ a b c Room 2006, pp. 177
^ Gregory 2010, pp. 62?3
^ a b Masters & Agoston 2009, p. 286
^ Masters & Agoston 2009, pp. 226?7
^ Finkel 2005, pp. 57, 383
^ Goksel & Kerslake 2005, p. 27
^ Room 2006, pp. 177?8
^ Gokturk, Soysal & Tureli 2010, p. 7
^ Keyder 1999, p. 95
^ ⇒Pliny the Elder, book IV, chapter XI:
"On leaving the Dardanelles we come to the Bay of Casthenes, ... and the promontory of the Golden Horn, on which is the town of Byzantium,a a free state, formerly called Lygos; it is 711 miles from Durazzo, ..." )
^ a b Janin, Raymond (1964). Constantinople byzantine. Paris: Institut Francais d'Etudes Byzantines. p. 10f.
^ a b Georgacas, Demetrius John (1947). “The Names of Constantinople”. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association (The Johns Hopkins University Press) 78: 347?67. doi:10.2307/283503. JSTOR 283503.
^ a b c d Necdet Sakao?lu (1993/94a): "?stanbul'un adlar?" ["The names of Istanbul"]. In: 'Dunden bugune ?stanbul ansiklopedisi', ed. Turkiye Kultur Bakanl???, Istanbul.
^ According to the Reallexikon fur Antike und Christentum, vol. 164 (Stuttgart 2005), column 442, there is no evidence for the tradition that Constantine officially dubbed the city "New Rome" (Nova Roma or Nea Rhome). Commemorative coins that were issued during the 330s already refer to the city as Constantinopolis (see e.g. Michael Grant, The climax of Rome (London 1968), p. 133). It is possible that the Emperor called the city "Second Rome" (Deutera Rhome) by official decree, as reported by the 5th-century church historian Socrates of Constantinople.
^ ⇒Bartholomew, Archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch
^ Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, (Basic Books, 2005), 57; "Istanbul was only adopted as the city's official name in 1930..".
^ An alternative derivation, directly from Constantinople, was entertained as an hypothesis by some researchers in the 19th century but is today regarded as obsolete; see Sakao?lu (1993/94a: 254) for references.
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