アル＝アンダルス - 暇つぶしWikipedia

アル＝アンダルス

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注釈 ^ 佐藤次高 (1997)、p.210 では、12,000人としている。ルイス (1985)、p.118 では、7,000人としている。私市 (2002)、p.213 では、この人数については同時代史料がほとんどないことから、正確には困難としている。

出典 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}"アンダルス". イスラム辞典. 平凡社. 1982. p. 73.
^ Fernando Luis Corral (2009). “The Christian Frontier against al-Andalus (Muslim Spain): concept and politics during the reigns of King Fernando I of Castile and Leon and his successors until 1230”. In Natalie Fryde. Walls, Ramparts, and Lines of Demarcation: Selected Studies from Antiquity to Modern Times. LIT Verlag Munster. p. 67. ISBN 978-3-8258-9478-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=X9_moud2DyQC&pg=PA67
^ Versteegh, Kees (1990-01-01). “The Arab Presence in France and Switzerland in the 10Th Century” (英語). Arabica 37 (3): 359?388. doi:10.1163/157005890X00041. ISSN 1570-0585. JSTOR 4057147.
^ Wenner, Manfred W. (August 1980). “The Arab/Muslim Presence in Medieval Central Europe” (英語). International Journal of Middle East Studies 12 (1): 59?79. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027136. ISSN 1471-6380. JSTOR 163627.
^ Some authors mention bands penetrating as far north as Sankt Gallen, where they sacked the monastery in 939. Cf. Ekkehard, Casus S. Galli, IV, 15 (pp. 137f); Levi-Provencal (1950:60); Reinaud (1964:149f).
^ "Para los autores arabes medievales, el termino Al-Andalus designa la totalidad de las zonas conquistadas ? siquiera temporalmente ? por tropas arabo-musulmanas en territorios actualmente pertenecientes a Portugal, Espana y Francia" ("For medieval Arab authors, Al-Andalus designated all the conquered areas ? even temporarily ? by Arab-Muslim troops in territories now belonging to Portugal, Spain and France"), Jose Angel Garcia de Cortazar, V Semana de Estudios Medievales: Najera, 1 al 5 de agosto de 1994, Gobierno de La Rioja, Instituto de Estudios Riojanos, 1995, p. 52.
^ Eloy Benito Ruano (2002). Topicos y realidades de la Edad Media. Real Academia de la Historia. p. 79. ISBN 978-84-95983-06-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=xX35wGGJaaIC. "Los arabes y musulmanes de la Edad Media aplicaron el nombre de Al-Andalus a todas aquellas tierras que habian formado parte del reino visigodo: la Peninsula Iberica y la Septimania ultrapirenaica. ("The Arabs and Muslims from the Middle Ages used the name of al-Andalus for all those lands that were formerly part of the Visigothic kingdom: the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania")"
^ The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Esposito, John L.. New York: Oxford University Press. (2003). doi:10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001. ISBN 0195125584. OCLC 50280143
^ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1983-10-31). A History of Medieval Spain. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 142. ISBN 0801468728. OCLC 907117391. https://books.google.com/books?id=yA3p6v3UxyIC&pg=PA142
^ Covington, Richard (2007). Arndt, Robert. ed. ⇒“Rediscovering Arabic Science”. Saudi Aramco World (Aramco Services Company) 58 (3): 2?16. ⇒http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200703/rediscovering.arabic.science.htm.
^ Lewis, Bernard. The Jews of Islam; Meyrick, Fredrick. The Doctrine of the Church of England on the Holy Communion. NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984, p. 14. "Under the ruling Caliph (the descendant of Mohammed – the prophet of G?d on earth), the Jews were able to preserve their rites and traditions. Peaceful coexistence led to their economic and social expansion. Their status was that of Dhimmis, non-Muslims living in a land governed by Muslims. The Jews had limited autonomy, but full rights to practice their religion, as well as full protection by their Muslim rulers, but this did not occur for free. There was a specific tax called the jizya that Dhimmis had to pay to receive these benefits. Having its origin in the Qur'an, it states Dhimmis who did not pay this tax, should either convert to Islam, or face the death penalty (Qur'an 9, 29). This tax, higher than the tax Muslims had to pay, was in several occasions one of the most important sources of income for the kingdom. The jizya was not only a tax, but also a symbolic expression of subordination (Lewis 14). "It is a common misapprehension that the holy war meant that the Muslims gave their opponents a choice 'between Islam and the sword'. This was sometimes the case, but only when the opponents were polytheist and idol-worshippers. For Jews, Christians, and other 'People of the Book', there was a third possibility, they might become a 'protected group', paying a tax or tribute to the Muslims but enjoying internal autonomy" (Watt 144).
^ 関哲行ほか編『スペイン史１』山川出版社〈世界歴史大系〉、2008年、pp. 259-60
^ 佐藤健太郎 (2008)、pp.71-72.
^ 私市 (2002)、p.213
^ 佐藤次高 (1997)、p.210
^ ヒッティ (1983)、pp.294-295.
^ 佐藤健太郎 (2008)、pp.70-71.
^ 佐藤次高 (1997)、pp.210-211.
^ ヒッティ (1983)、pp.295-297.
^ 佐藤次高 (1997)、p.211
^ ヒッティ (1983)、p.297
^ 佐藤健太郎 (2008)、p.72
^ ヒッティ (1983)、pp.295, 306-307.
^ ヒッティ (1983)、p.307
^ a b 佐藤健太郎 (2008)、p.74
^ 佐藤次高 (1997)、pp.226-227.
^ 佐藤次高 (1997)、p.227
^ a b 『川と文化: 欧米の歴史を旅する』秋山紀一, 池田智, 関口宏道, 花永明, 油谷耕吉、玉川大学出版部、2004年。ISBN 9784472302831。https://books.google.com/books?id=99awWMgx_K4C&pg=PAPA52。

参考文献

私市正年「第3章西アラブ世界の展開」『西アジア史 1 : アラブ』佐藤次高編、山川出版社、<新版世界各国史>8巻、2002年、pp.186-255 ISBN 4-634-41380-9

佐藤健太郎「第3章イスラーム期のスペイン」『スペイン史 1 : 古代 - 近世』関哲行、立石博高、中塚次郎編、山川出版社、<世界歴史大系>、2008年、pp.70-135 ISBN 978-4-634-46204-5

佐藤次高『イスラーム世界の興隆』中央公論社、<世界の歴史>8巻、1997年、ISBN 4-12-403408-3

ヒッティ, フィリップ・K 著、岩永博訳『アラブの歴史』下（初版）、講談社〈講談社学術文庫〉、1983年。ISBN 4-06-158592-4。

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