Paul_Newman_and_Melvyn_Douglas_Hud.jpg ‎(640 × 425 ピクセル、ファイルサイズ: 64キロバイト、MIME タイプ: image/jpeg)

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概要

解説Paul Newman and Melvyn Douglas Hud.jpgEnglish: Paul Newman and Melvyn Douglas in "Hud"
日付1963年
原典 ⇒http://wazzasplace.blogspot.de/2008/09/paul-newman-another-cool-dude-gone.html
作者Paramount Pictures
許可
(ファイルの再利用)

The photo has no copyright markings on it.

United States Copyright Office page 2 "Visually Perceptible Copies The notice for visually perceptible copies should contain all three elements described below. They should appear together or in close proximity on the copies.
1 The symbol c (letter C in a circle); the word “Copyright”; or the abbreviation “Copr.”2 The year of first publication. If the work is a derivative work or a compilation incorporating previously published material, the year date of first publication of the derivative work or compilation is sufficient. Examples of derivative works are translations or dramatizations; an example of a compilation is an anthology. The year may be omitted when a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work, with accompanying textual matter, if any, is reproduced in or on greeting cards, postcards, stationery, jewelry, dolls, toys, or useful articles.3 The name of the copyright owner, an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally known alternative designation of owner.1 Example c 2007 Jane Doe."

It was created for publicity purposes-distribution to the media. The image was meant to bring attention and publicity to the actors. (Examples of the picture on press articles on this link)


This is a publicity photo taken to promote a film actor. As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honthaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook, (Focal Press, 2001 p. 211.):
Publicity photos have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary.[1]

Creative Clearance offers similar advice for older publicity stills but distinguishes Publicity Photos (star headshots) from Production Stills (photos taken on the set of the film or TV show during the shooting). It says newer publicity stills may contain a copyright, and production stills must be cleared with the studio.[2]

Nancy Wolff, includes a similar explanation:

Legal expert on the use of photographic images, Nancy Wolff, includes a similar explanation:There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them. . .(The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook By Nancy E. Wolff, Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.)

These photographs came from a photo archive of entertainment industry publicity pictures, historic still images widely distributed by the studios to advertise and promote their then new releases. While not considered valuable at the time, avid collectors have created complete archives by salvaging and cataloging movie and television photographs, preserving a significant facet of American culture. These archives are a valuable cache for publishers who rely on these archives as a resource for entertainment material.[3]

Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989) p. 87, writes:

Film industry expert Gerald Mast explains how the new 1989 copyright revisions only protected publicity works that complied with all earlier requirements in addition to filing a copyright registration within 5 years of first publication:According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible.[4]Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the ⇒Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference with cinema scholars and editors, that they expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements. . . [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs.[5]

ライセンス

Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse

この著作物は、アメリカ合衆国で1929年から1977年の間に発行され、それに加え、著作権表示がされていなかったため、パブリックドメインの状態にあります。著作者が死亡して十分な年月が経った場合でない限り、カナダ（著作者の死後50年）、中国本土（著作者の死後50年、香港とマカオを除く）、ドイツ（著作者の死後70年）、メキシコ（著作者の死後100年）、スイス（著作者の死後70年）、そして個別的に条約を締結している国々のように、米国の著作物についてその保護期間に関して相互主義を採用していない国や地域では、パブリックドメインの状態にはありません。詳細は、このページを参照してください。

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References↑ Honathaner, Eve Light. The Complete Film Production Handbook, Focal Press, (2001) p. 211
↑ Creative Clearance. Photography Clearance. Clearance Guidelines for Producers. Archived from ⇒the original on 2013-02-12. Retrieved on 4 May 2011.
↑ Wolff, Nancy E. The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook, Allworth Communications, 2007 p. 55